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Infectious Diseases
Published in Lyle D. Broemeling, Bayesian Analysis of Infectious Diseases, 2021
The common idea about emerging infections is that they are noxious because they are new, that is, they are ill adapted to the human host. Since their damaging power is supposedly a tip off to their recent arrival and to a bad biological fit. Animal viruses, such as Ebola or Sin Nombre that cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, often trigger bizarre symptoms ranging from hemorrhagic breakdown to acute respiratory failure, because the immune response has not evolved with that of the virus. In the long run, microorganisms and people usually reach a subtle understanding. Humans acquire resistance to the infectious agent while the parasite becomes milder, which permits us to survive its assault while allowing it to transmit its gene to someone else. Microorganisms need their hosts to survive, indeed a dead host is a dead in. The reason the lethal spore-forming bacillus Clostridium botulus, the cause of botulism, has not leveled our species is because when it kills us with toxins, its future is doomed.
Ribavirin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Emily Woolnough, Amanda Wade, Joe Sasadeusz
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is caused by another hantavirus, sin nombre virus. The role of ribavirin in the treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome remains to be elucidated, although it is considered more likely to be beneficial if commenced early after onset of symptoms (Hart and Bennett, 1994; Levy, 1995; Morrison and Rathbun, 1995). A review of data derived from open-label use of the drug in the USA found no clear evidence of clinical efficacy in terms of outcome of infection (Chapman et al., 1999). A randomized controlled trial of the use of intravenous ribavirin in patients with confirmed hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome showed no difference in survival between the two groups, but lacked power to determine such differences (Mertz et al., 2004).
Aerosol Spread and Communicability of Respiratory Viruses
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Samira Mubareka, Thomas G. Voss, Daniel Verreault, Chad J. Roy
Viral respiratory diseases of humans are associated with infection by a wide array of agents shown in Table 6.1. Other viruses are also associated with respiratory pathology, but are not considered communicable by the respiratory route. Infection by respiratory viruses through direct contact with infectious aerosols from infected individuals is associated with influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, and picornaviruses. Transmission of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome-associated viruses (bunyaviruses) is typically by inhalation of infectious aerosolized rodent excreta with one exception where human to human, aerosol transmission with Andes virus was reported.11 Contact with fomites is a common route of infection with adenoviruses, and there is evidence of gastrointestinal infection with adenoviruses, coronaviruses, and even influenza viruses which can lead to respiratory pathology, but often is manifested clinically as gastroenteritis.
Post-exposure prophylactic vaccine candidates for the treatment of human Risk Group 4 pathogen infections
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
James Logue, Ian Crozier, Peter B Jahrling, Jens H Kuhn
Orthohantaviruses (Hantaviridae: Orthohantavirus) are separated into Old World viruses, usually causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and New World viruses, which generally cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome associated with a CFR of 30–50%. These zoonoses are maintained in Europe and Asia by murid and cricetid rodents (Old World orthohantaviruses) or in the Americas by cricetid rodents (New World orthohantaviruses) [98,99]. Of the viruses in this genus, Andes virus (ANDV), a New World orthotantavirus, is of highest concern because ANDV, in contrast to most other orthohantaviruses, has been associated with person-to-person transmission [100–102]. Consequently, orthohantavirus PEP vaccine research has largely focused on ANDV, again using the rVSIV platform to express the ANDV glycoprotein. In vivo, this candidate vaccine protected 90% (9 of 10) of golden hamsters when given 1 day after an otherwise lethal ANDV injection [103]. Interestingly, a rVSIV-vectored EBOV vaccine elicited a similar level of protection (6 of 6) against ANDV in golden hamsters, again questioning whether antigen-specificity is necessary for effective PEP. However, only very few reports are available on the development of an orthohantavirus NHP animal model to date (e.g., [104–106]), and these results of PEP in small animal models have yet to be corroborated in an NHP model.
Eosinophilia during Hantavirus infection: a cohort study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Messaline Bermejo, Stéphanie Mestrallet, Amélie Servettaz, Laure-Anne Pannet, Delphine Lebrun, Yohan N'Guyen, Laurent Andreoletti, Jean-Marc Reynes, Maxime Hentzien, Firouzé Bani-Sadr
Zoonotic hantaviruses (Hantaviridae family, genus Orthohantavirus) are enveloped, negative tri-segmented single-strand RNA viruses that infect the endothelial cell and cause three main clinical syndromes: (1) Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) mainly caused by Hantaan virus, Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Seoul virus, Tula orthohantavirus and Puumala virus; (2) nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of HFRS caused by Puumala virus; and (3) Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), caused mainly by Andes virus, Sin Nombre virus, or Laguna Negra virus [1,2]. The most common European hantavirus disease is caused by Puumala virus, and NE is endemic in the North East of France [3].
Prevalence and identification of arthropod-transmitted viruses in Kassala state, Eastern Sudan
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2019
Nahla Mohamed, Mamoun Magzoub, Rania El Hadi Mohamed, Fadilah Sfouq Aleanizy, Fulwah Y. Alqahtani, Bakri Y. M. Nour, Mubark M.S. Alkarsany
Hantaviruses have almost entirely been associated with human contact with rodent excrement, although recent human-to-human transmission has been reported for the Andes virus in South America. Hantavirus’s types cause potentially fatal diseases in humans, such as haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; however, others have not been associated with human disease [25–30].