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Order Bunyavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
According to the latest ICTV issues (Laenen et al. 2019; Kuhn et al. 2020), the Hantaviridae family contains 4 subfamilies, 7 genera, and 53 species. Similar to arenaviruses, hantaviruses infect rodents, but they are transmitted by rodent feces.
Severe Influenza Pneumonia and Its Mimics in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
In the prodromal phase of hantavirus infection, the typical findings are fever, myalgias, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Most patients within 24 hours of initial evaluation progress to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema require mechanical ventilation. Coryza and dry cough are absent. The white blood cell count tends to be raised, with a left-shifted neutrophilia, along with myeloid precursors and atypical lymphocytes. Hematocrit is usually elevated due to hemoconcentration. An initial chest radiograph is usually positive for interstitial and/or alveolar infiltrates with pleural effusions [41].
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: A Historical Perspective and Review of Recent Advances
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
Most rodent species harboring hantaviruses are probably ancillary hosts and probably are rarely, if ever, involved in disease transmission to humans under normal conditions. Alternatively, certain rodent species may be infected with hantavirus strains which are nonpathogenic for humans. In this regard, although serological evidence for infection with hantaviruses has been documented in Americans,10,172,174 cases of HFRS have not been recognized in the U.S. Thus, Prospect Hill virus and the Hantaan-related viruses isolated from commensal rats in the U.S. probably do not cause clinical disease, except under unusual circumstances.
The role of glomerular lesions in the prognosis of patients with acute kidney injury during hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Min Min, Meiling Liu, Chunyu Lu, Lina Zhu, Jiong Zhang, Jinquan Wang
Hantavirus infection is linked to the working and living environment of patients. Humans are not the natural host of Hantavirus, and infection occurs in most cases due to accidental inhalation of virus-containing aerosols in rodent feces. Living or working in an environment with rodents has a high risk of infection [18]. In our study, the patients’ main occupation was farmer or worker, and most of them had experience working outdoors before the onset of HFRS. Additionally, the majority of the patients in this study were male, which is in accordance with the previously reported epidemiological characteristics of HFRS [19]. Rodent control is still the primary measure of prevention of HFRS. Epidemiological surveillance and vaccination are also important measures to protect susceptible populations. Unfortunately, no FDA-approved vaccines or drugs are available. More efforts are needed to develop a usable vaccine or targeted drugs for HFRS. According to previous clinical trials, intravenous ribavirin in the treatment of HFRS significantly reduced the risk of developing severe illness and the risk of mortality, but other studies have not proven these benefits [20].
Recent advances in high-throughput flow cytometry for drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Infectious virus quantification is a key parameter to be assessed in the development of antiviral drugs. Traditional infectious virus titer assays, e.g. plaque assays and cell culture infectious dose assays, are lab intensive and have low throughput. Flow cytometry, utilizing the expression of engineered fluorescent protein reporters, the labeling of viral proteins using antibodies conjugated with fluorescence probe, or cellular morphological changes, has been used for determining infectious virus titer. Recently, a 96-well label-free assay for the quantification of infectious virus by measuring the granularity of infected cells using side scattered light without any fluorescence reporter has been developed [85]. The authors demonstrate that the percent of cells with a high level of granularity correlates to viral titers obtained through a traditional plaque assay and changes in the cellular granularity are due to viral replication. Hantaviruses are a group of pathogens, causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and cardiopulmonary syndrome with very high fatality rate. Buranda et al. present a 384-well HTFC assay, measuring the binding of virus particles and the binding target decay-accelerating factor (DAF) expressed on the surface of Tanoue B cells by using UV-inactivated, fluorescently labeled viruses, to identify compounds inhibiting hantavirus cell entry and infection [86]. Screening of the Prestwick Chemical Library containing 1200 compounds identified 8 hits with antimycin confirmed in cell viability and virus infection assays.
Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome complicated with acute pancreatitis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Wenjie Wang, Dongqing Fan, Bin Quan, Weishun Hou, Jinsun Yang
In general, there is an incubation period of two to three weeks after infection with the hantavirus, followed by a typical 5-period clinical course, namely, a febrile phase, a hypotensive phase, an oliguric phase, a diuretic phase, and a convalescent-phase [16]. Although renal dysfunction is the main symptom of hantavirus infection, various extrarenal symptoms have also been noted. Up to 33.3% of HFRS patients also have extra-renal organ involvement in addition to acute renal insufficiency, with the pancreaticobiliary illness being the most frequent symptom [17]. The activation of inflammatory mediators during the hypotensive phase of HFRS appears to be caused by an inflammatory cascade of responses mediated by cytokines, immunocytes, and the complement system. Inflammatory cytokines cause macrophages to migrate into tissues far from the pancreas, including the lungs and kidneys [18]. This could be a possible pathogenic mechanism of AP in HFRS patients. In recent years, the number of cases complicated with AP has increased annually [19]. In this study, the incidence of AP in patients with HFRS was 26.32%, far exceeding the incidence rates of 8.4% reported by Guo et al. in Xi’an, China [11], and 8% reported by Zhu et al. in Nanchang, China [20]. The proportions of patients with HFRS complicated with AP differ in different regions. The univariate analysis results of this study showed that the incidence of HFRS complicated with AP was higher in the population living in the Xuancheng area (Anhui Province) than in other areas. These areas are mainly located in southeastern Anhui Province and are mostly mountainous. Therefore, it is speculated that the incidence of HFRS complicated with AP is related to geographic region, as population characteristics, eating habits, and living habits in different regions vary.