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One disease protects from another disease
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
Hahnemann and Kent did not know about subclinical and latent infections that were also responsible for their wrong conclusions. Subclinical infections can be detected only by laboratory tests, e.g., antibody response, recovery of the organisms, skin sensitivity, and biochemical tests.
Fungal infections causing emergencies
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
R. Madhu, Pradeesh Arumugam, V. Hari Pankaj
Diagnosis of systemic mycoses is often very challenging because of the highly polymorphic nature of the skin lesions [16]. The clinical features of the illness depend on the specific infection and which organs have been affected. Infections in people with normal immune function may result in very minor symptoms or none at all (called subclinical infection). Cutaneous lesions are rare in these infections and may occur due to direct inoculation on an abraded skin (Table 29.3).
The epidemiology of malaria
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
Robert W Snow, Herbert M Gilles
This simplistic view of infection to death provides only part of the overall public health equation. There are morbid and fatal consequences allied to each step of the infection and disease process. Chronic subclinical infections may render an individual anaemic. It has also been argued that subclinical infections predispose to the severity and outcome of other infectious diseases. A far greater body of evidence supports the view that asymptomatic infection of the placenta of a pregnant woman significantly reduces the weight of her newborn child, reducing its survival chances. Patients seek treatment and treatments often carry their own risks of fatal or morbid outcomes. Patients who survive the severe pathological consequences of infection may be left with debilitating sequelae, such as epilepsy, spasticity or blindness, or more subtle behavioural or cognitive impairments. To summarize the direct and indirect health consequences of P. falciparum infection, a schematic representation is shown in Figure 5.4.
Tetraventricular hydrocephalus with aqueductal flow void: an overlooked entity having consistent improvement following endoscopic third ventriculostomy
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Sushanta K. Sahoo, Sivashanmugam Dhandapani, Chirag K. Ahuja
Within normal range of temperature and pressure, the density of CSF remains constant. Viscosity of CSF largely depends on protein, glucose and cell count. In cases of meningitis, high protein and cell count of CSF may be responsible for increased viscosity.12 In the absence of any pathological condition, the biochemical profile as well as the viscosity of CSF will not alter. In these cases, the velocity of flow largely depends up on the volume of CSF flowing per unit time. In this series, all patient showed CSF flow voids on MR images suggestive of turbulent CSF pattern. Radiologically nine patients had grade 4 and two had grade 3 CSF flow voids. There was no history of CSF infection in the past. Careful evaluation of radiology showed membranous out pouching below the fourth ventricular outlet in two pediatric patients (Figure 3(A)). Relative obstruction at the foramina of Magendie and Luschka can occur secondary to higher CSF flow. We believe that if the CSF outflow through the normal fourth ventricular outlet is unable to keep up with the hyperdynamic circulation, the proximal ventricular system may dilate. However, the possibility of subclinical infection in the past cannot be ruled out in these patients. Disparity between the rate of intraventricular CSF flow and fourth ventricular outlet area probably gives rise to a type of relative fourth ventricular outflow resistance in these cases resulting in TetHCP. We therefore consider the hyperdynamic CSF circulation/CSF flow void is not just an epiphenomenon.
A comprehensive clinical guide for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a missing therapeutic target in HIV-uninfected patients
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Ahmad R. Alsayed, Abdullah Al-Dulaimi, Mohammad Alkhatib, Mohammed Al Maqbali, Mohammad A. A Al-Najjar, Mamoon M.D. Al-Rshaidat
P. jirovecii causes a possibly fatal infection known as PCP in immunocompromised individuals and children younger than six months of age [33]. Generally, individuals with a healthy immune system do not develop clinically significant diseases [15]. PCP incidence has fallen significantly in the industrialized world due to the widespread use of sulfa-drug prophylaxis and the start use of antiretroviral treatment (HAART) in HIV [15]. Despite the pervasive availability of HAART, P. jirovecii remains one of the causes of severe illness in HIV-infected individuals, particularly those uninformed and unmonitored of their HIV status, where it is a common AIDS-defining disease [42]. PCP is a significant source of morbidity as well as mortality in immunocompromised HIV- and non-HIV-infected people [43]. Patients with chronic respiratory illnesses, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have been colonized with P. jirovecii and may act as reservoirs for this fungus [44,45]. The terms ‘colonization’, ‘asymptomatic infection’, ‘subclinical infection’, and ‘carriage’ are comparable to each other’s [44].
Derangements of vaginal and cervical canal microbiota determined with real-time PCR in women with recurrent miscarriages
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Canan Soyer Caliskan, Nazan Yurtcu, Samettin Celik, Ozlem Sezer, Suleyman Sirri Kilic, Ali Cetin
In conclusion, the findings of this study support a decrease in the abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and, in accordance, an increase in the abundance of microorganisms related to AV and BV revealed that, in the diagnostic workup of women with RM, the real-time PCR-based molecular microbiological test can help detect AV and BV requiring treatment to increase successful pregnancy outcomes. Additional research is warranted to elucidate the functional impact of dysbiotic microbiota or specific bacterial species of the cervical canal on the physiology of the local cervical canal and their participation in the microbiota of the endometrial cavity, especially regarding unsuccessful pregnancies because of disturbed physiology of the local endometrial microenvironment. However, possible applications of real-time PCR-based tests for the screening of subclinical infections in clinical practice require the performance of further investigations in patients with RM.