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Gastrointestinal system
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
6.22. Which of the following statements is/are true of gastroenteritis?'Lomotil' (diphenoxylate and atropine mixture) will reduce the duration of the illness.An infant under the age of 1 month should be admitted to hospital even though he may have mild symptoms.Lactose intolerance, if present, is likely to be transient.When due to Salmonella typhimurium it should be treated with amoxycillin or co-trimoxazole.Anti-emetics are not recommended for children under the age of 5 years.
Salmonella
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
S.I. Smith, A. Ajayi, A. Seriki
Serovars Salmonella Choleraesuis, Salmonella Dublin, and Salmonella Typhimurium can infect both human and animal hosts. However, each infection presents in a different way.32 Serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, and Sendai cause enteric fever in humans,31 while other serovars have retained a wide host preference and have the ability of infecting a range of animals causing enterocolitis.44 Serovar Typhi is restricted to humans, while serovar Choleraesuis causes septicemia in pigs,45 and serovar Typhimurium causes systemic illness similar to human typhoid in mice.31 However, perforation of the gut and necrosis of Peyer's patches in salmonellosis can cause death.46
S
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Salmonella typhimurium Cause of meat poisoning isolated by German bacteriologist Friedrich August Johannes Löffler (1852–1915) in 1892. Another bacillus was identified as the cause of the outbreak by de Nobele during an epidemic of meat poisoning at Aertrycke, Belgium in 1897. It was independently isolated by Herbert Edward Durham (1866–1945) of England and named Bacillus aertrycke and later found to be identical with the bacteria isolated by Löffler and renamed, Salmonella typhimurium.
Physiological and pathophysiological roles of hepoxilins and their analogs
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2023
Sara A. Helal, Fadumo Ahmed Isse, Samar H. Gerges, Ayman O. S. El-Kadi
The intestinal infection with Salmonella typhimurium represents one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide (Poppe et al. 1998). Extensive PMN transmigration is observed in the intestinal lumen leading to the formation of intestinal crypt abscesses may finally cause loss of barrier function (McGovern and Slavutin 1979). In an in vivo model of salmonellosis, it was confirmed that the disruption of the 12-LOX pathway (essential for HxA3 production) could reduce PMN-mediated tissue trauma (McCormick 2007). HxA3 draws neutrophils from the submucosa across the epithelia to the luminal site of inflammation via the reorganization of Ca2+ within PMNs from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria and the establishment of a PMN gradient (Table 1) (Patel and McCormick 2014). HxA3 appears to exhibit its in vivo effect at low concentrations (30–40 nM), and it seems to be produced continuously during the active phase of infection (Mrsny et al. 2004).
Reverse engineering approach: a step towards a new era of vaccinology with special reference to Salmonella
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Shania Vij, Reena Thakur, Praveen Rishi
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica contains more than 2,500 serovars of which Typhi, Paratyphi A, B, and C, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis are of major clinical relevance to humans [1]. Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi, typhoidal serovars) are human-restricted serovars that cause typhoid and paratyphoid fever, respectively; whereas Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, referred to as non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars, NTS) have a broad host range and predominantly cause gastroenteritis in humans [2]. Typhoid fever has always been a cause of concern, but in the last 20 years, a significant rise in the number of paratyphoid fever cases has been reported, mainly from the Asian continent, thus indicating the silently emerging threat of paratyphoid-causing serovars also. The use of vaccines specifically against S. Typhi and none against Paratyphi strains has led to the natural selection of the latter, which is one of the main reasons behind the escalating cases of paratyphoid fever [3,4]. In 2015, paratyphoid fever resulted in 29,200 deaths of which most were due to Paratyphi A rather than Paratyphi B or C, indicating the predominant prevalence of S. Paratyphi A [5]. In contrast to
Identification and genotoxicity evaluation of potential impurities in rabeprazole sodium using in silico and in vitro analyses
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Yi Du, Yinnan Wu, Yang Liu, Changhong Meng, Li Tan, Tiantian Cai, Yuxin Wang, Yihong Lu
Bacterial reverse mutation assay was conducted in accordance with the Ames method (Ames et al.1975). Five Salmonella typhimurium strains were used (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535; obtained from Dr Bruce Ames Laboratory, Chapel Hill, NC). DMSO was used as a negative control. Sodium azide (1.5 μg/plate), dixon (50.0 μg/plate), and MMS (2.0 μL/plate) were used as positive controls without S9 mix. Cyclophosphamide (50.0 μg/plate), 2-aminofluorene (100.0 μg/plate), and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone (100.0 μg/plate) were used as positive controls with S9 mix. The strains were treated with impurity III at concentrations of 8, 40, 200, and 1000 μg/plate. For the main test, 0.1 mL bacterial bouillon medium, 0.1 mL of impurity III at different concentrations, and 0.5 mL phosphate buffer salt (or S9 mix for metabolic activation) were mixed in a tube at a constant temperature of 37 °C on a shaking table. After 20 min, the mixtures were spread evenly on an agar plate and incubated at 45 °C. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h in the dark. Each test was performed three times, including the negative and positive controls.