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Aquatic Plants Native to America
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Bianca D. Fibrich, Jacqueline Maphutha, Carel B. Oosthuizen, Danielle Twilley, Khan-Van Ho, Chung-Ho Lin, Leszek P. Vincent, T. N. Shilpa, N. P. Deepika, B. Duraiswamy, S. P. Dhanabal, Suresh M. Kumar, Namrita Lall
The sweet flag rhizomes have been shown to exert antidiabetic capacities by regulating the expression of insulin in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells, HIT-T15 cells via lowering the levels of glucose in diet-induced obese C57 mice, streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mice, and db/db diabetic mice that might be associated with the increase in glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via Wnt signaling (Liu et al. 2015, Wu et al. 2009, Si et al. 2010). The leaf and rhizome extracts of A. calamus have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity when tested on keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, mast cells, male BALB/c mouse, and animal models (Muthuraman et al. 2011, Kim, Lee et al. 2012, Kim et al. 2009). The extracts from the sweet flag showed insecticidal properties with a broad activity on numerous insect pests and ticks including Aedes aegypti, Anopheles maculipennis, Bombyx mori, Bruchus chinensis, Chilo suppressalis, Dacus cucurbitae, Dysdercus koenigii, Henosepilachna vigintiotopunctata, Heterotermes indicola, Latheticus oryzae, Musca domestica, Nephotettix cincticeps, Plutella xylostella, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhipicephalus microplus, Sitotroga cerealella, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Spodoptera litura, Tetranychus urticae, Thermobia domestica, and Tribolium castaneum (Motley 1994, Kumar et al. 2016, Ghosh et al. 2011, Yao et al. 2008).
Additional considerations for anti-tick vaccine research
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
José de la Fuente, Marinela Contreras
As disclosed in the review paper [1], anti-tick vaccines constitute an environmentally sound effective intervention for the control of cattle ticks and TBD. Anti-tick vaccines are designed to reduce tick populations and the prevalence of TBD by reducing tick feeding, reproduction and development through antigen-specific antibodies that affect tick protein function and other immune mechanisms [1,2]. The application of Bm86/Bm95-based anti-tick vaccines have shown reduction in adult female ticks from different species (e.g. Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus annulatus, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, Hyalomma dromedarii) in vaccinated versus control cattle and in the use of acaricides through lower application frequency (vaccine efficacy 41–100% [2];). However, Bm86/Bm95-based vaccines were not effective against other tick species (e.g. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) [2]. This limitation led to the identification and characterization of other tick vaccine protective antigens such as Subolesin (also known as 4D8) [3].
How relevant are in vitro culture models for study of tick-pathogen interactions?
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Cristiano Salata, Sara Moutailler, Houssam Attoui, Erich Zweygarth, Lygia Decker, Lesley Bell-Sakyi
Several studies used merozoites derived from infected host erythrocytes in attempts to propagate Babesia bovis in tick cell cultures. In embryo-derived Rhipicephalus microplus cells inoculated with infected bovine erythrocytes, B. bovis merozoite numbers increased ~20-fold over two days, but resembled the blood forms more closely than those of the gut or salivary gland forms in ticks [164]. Using the cell-line BmVIII, B. bovis merozoites derived from parasitized bovine erythrocytes were found in tick cells both as phagocytized free organisms and in phagocytized erythrocytes which were all lysed by 72 h [165]. No replication of B. bovis was observed. In contrast, in an electron microscopic study of BmVIII-SCC cells inoculated with B. bovis-infected erythrocytes, sexual stages of the parasite normally found only within tick intestine were observed [166]. However, it was not clear at what point the parasites transformed to the sexual stage.
Modeling tick vaccines: a key tool to improve protection efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
José de la Fuente, Agustin Estrada-Peña, Marinela Contreras
The difference in the vaccine protective effect derived from the moment of application of the vaccine depends on the seasonal dynamics of the tick. It is necessary to reach the expected peak of protection when the maximum ‘wave’ of questing ticks is observed in the field to maximize the effects of the vaccine [32,33]. This is relatively easy to evaluate for one-host tick species such as Rhipicephalus microplus, R. annulatus or R. australis, which have well-known periods of feeding and molting. These periods have been intensively studied under field conditions to evaluate their development and mortality rates at different combinations of temperature and humidity (i.e. [34]). However, it is necessary to highlight that results obtained using averaged environmental conditions are not necessarily valid for upcoming years. Small changes in the accumulated daily temperature that affect tick development are critical for shaping their complete seasonal dynamics. To be useful, a simulation model aimed at optimizing vaccination against tick infestations should evaluate different scenarios in the few incoming years using robust approaches like Bayesian modeling [35].