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Immunization
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Michael F. Para, Susan L. Koletar, Carter L. Diggs
Since the eighteenth century, a large number of immunizing agents against a variety of diseases have been developed and are currently available. Although none have served as the basis for eradicating a disease as has smallpox vaccination, many have had a major impact on the epidemiology of the infectious diseases they were designed to control (Table 19.1). As a tribute to Jenner′s use of cow-pox virus to prevent smallpox we have adopted the term vaccination as a general term for agents used to immunize against disease. In this chapter, we will discuss the general principles of vaccination, the types of vaccines available, development and production of vaccines, and future prospects for development of vaccines.
Molluscum Contagiosum
Published in S Paige Hertweck, Maggie L Dwiggins, Clinical Protocols in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2022
Kaiane Habeshian, Kalyani Marathe
A common cutaneous viral infection caused by a poxvirus, which results in classic firm, waxy, dome-shaped, umbilicated lesions of the epidermis, that is spread by skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or material (e.g. clothing, towel).
Order Blubervirales: Surface Protein
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The recombinant SHBs-based vaccines underwent permanent improvements including combination with other popular vaccines (hepatitis A, diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b) into multitargeted formulations (for more details see WHO recommendations). For example, the yeast-derived SHBs vaccines were combined with poxvirus-based vaccine (Hutchings et al. 2005) or coadministered with recombinant human papilloma virus (HPV) cervical cancer vaccines (Wheeler et al. 2008; Leroux-Roels et al. 2011) that are described in Chapter 7.
Potential therapeutic targets for Mpox: the evidence to date
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Siddappa N Byrareddy, Kalicharan Sharma, Shrikesh Sachdev, Athreya S. Reddy, Arpan Acharya, Kaylee M. Klaustermeier, Christian L Lorson, Kamal Singh
Details of the MPXV replication cycle steps have not been established. Therefore, other well-studied and closely related poxviruses, such as VACV, must be used as a surrogate for our understanding of the MPXV replication cycle. Two distinct forms of infectious poxvirus virions can infect a host cell: (i) a mature virion (MV), and (ii) an extracellular enveloped virion (EV) (Figure 1). MV has a single membrane, whereas the EV has an additional outer membrane [18]. The additional EV outer membrane is disrupted prior to fusion, rendering EV similar to MV at the point of entry into the host cell [18]. A multitude (20–30) of VACV proteins constitute the MV membrane, while the EV has ~ 6 additional proteins within the outer membrane. Entry and fusion of the MVs and EVs involve multiple viral and cell-surface proteins [19–21]. In addition, the attachment of MV and EV differs significantly [18]. For example, proteinase treatment disrupts the binding of MV but not EV [18,22,23]. Thus, poxvirus entry and fusion are multiplayer and complex processes, making it challenging to select feasible antiviral targets from many viral proteins.
Reemergence of monkeypox: prevention and management
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Sahaya Nadar, Tabassum Khan, Abdelwahab Omri
therapies especially from herbal sourcesare gaining popularity. A variety of medicinal plants are being explored as potential antiviral agents. Ethnomedical research suggests numerous plant species to possess potential antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses. With advancing technology at our disposal, an extensive investigation of the antiviral activity of many medicinal plants has been undertaken. The knowledge of traditional medicines needs to be harnessed with a view to identify newer antiviral agents targeting the reemergence of poxvirus. Few medicinal herbs that can be potentially used in the treatment of monkeypox infection reported in literature include Acacia nilotica (L.), Adansonia digitata L., Aframomum melegueta K. Schum, Allium sativum L., Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. &Perr., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. ex Pior., Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand, Carica papaya L, Cassia singueana Delile, Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Ficus polita Vahl, Nigella sativa L., Moringa oleifera Lam., Lawsonia inermis L, Sterculia setigera Delile, Tamarindus indica L. are reported to be used in the African subcontinents locally to treat the symptoms of poxvirus [63–74]. Of course, their traditional use needs to be substantiated with in-depth studies that demonstrate their antiviral activity in both in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The most potent plants/extracts can be subjected to isolation and characterization of potential antiviral chemical entities that can serve as good leads in antiviral drug discovery programs.
Recent advances in the diagnosis monkeypox: implications for public health
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
The world is better equipped to respond to a monkeypox outbreak than it was two decades ago. On 24 May 2003, the Wisconsin Division of Public Health was notified of a three-year-old girl hospitalized in central Wisconsin with cellulitis and fever after a bite from a prairie dog on May 13 [59]. The animal became ill on May 13, died one week later, and an enlarged submandibular lymph node was submitted for bacterial culture. On 2 June 2003, the Wisconsin Division of Public Health was notified of a poxvirus in a skin lesion from the mother of the three-year-old girl, who developed symptoms on May 26 [59]. Two days later, on June 4, orthopoxvirus was visualized by negative-stain electron microscopy of cell-culture supernatants. On June 9, polymerase chain reaction analyses of tissue- and virus-culture supernatants from the mother were positive for monkeypox-virus DNA signatures [59].