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Rural diseases
Published in Jim Cox, Iain Mungall, Rural Healthcare, 2017
They showed that antibodies to Q fever (27.3%), Chlamydia (79.6%) and Toxoplasma (50.2%) are common in UK farm workers, but antibodies to Lyme disease (0.3%), leptospirosis (0.2%) and brucellosis (0.7%) are uncommon (but the study did not include areas known to be associated with Lyme disease). Also, 4.7% of farm workers had antibodies to Hantavirus, 0.7% to orthopox virus, 4.5% to parapox virus, 2% to Bartonella spp. and 1.5% to Echinococcus granulosis. Orf occurs in 2% of farmers each year and ringworm occurs in farmers at a rate of 4% per year.
Infections and infestations affecting the nail
Published in Eckart Haneke, Histopathology of the NailOnychopathology, 2017
Based on the presence of reticular degeneration and eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm, the differential diagnosis includes catpox,35 smallpox, vaccinia (orthopoxvirus infections), orf, and pseudocowpox (both parapoxvirus infections). PCR and serologic tests are necessary to make an exact diagnosis.
Orf virus infection of the hand in a Scottish sheep farmer. A case report to increase awareness to avoid misdiagnosis
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2022
Yasmeen Khan, Jordon Currie, Clare Miller, David Lawrie
Awareness of infections which are transmitted between animals and humans have been given prominence due to the devastation caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or more commonly known as the coronavirus. The Orf virus infection is a zoonotic parapox virus carried by sheep and goats [1]. The infected animal presents with scabs around the mouth, this has resulted in the infection commonly known as scabby mouth disease or sore mouth disease [2]. Agricultural workers, vets, sheep shearers, butchers and other humans who are in contact with infected sheep are susceptible to the infection. In humans, the hand is the most common site of manifestation resulting in skin lesions [3]. The virus is a parapoxvirus containing DNA and is transmitted directly thorough open wounds [4]. The incubation period varies up to two weeks post exposure. The patient can have local signs on the hand but also present with extra skeletal manifestation such as fever, malaise and lymphadenopathy. If the patient is immunocompromised the severity of infection can be significant causing long term morbidity [5]. The skin lesions have specific features which suggest an Orf virus infection. This is the case report of the orf virus infection in a Scottish sheep farmer from Aberdeenshire.
Exploitation of receptor tyrosine kinases by viral-encoded growth factors
Published in Growth Factors, 2018
The first VEGF encoded by a virus was discovered in the genome of Orf virus (ORFV), a Parapoxvirus (PPV) from the Poxvirus family (Lyttle et al., 1994). Subsequent to this discovery, homologs were then identified in other PPV species, namely Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) (Ueda et al., 2003), Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV)( Delhon et al., 2004; Inder et al., 2007), the Parapoxvirus of red deer of New Zealand (PVNZ) (Ueda et al., 2007) and Sealpox virus (SPV) (Gunther et al., 2017). Subsequently, a VEGF gene was identified in the genome of Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), a Megalocytivirus from the Iridovirus family (Wang et al., 2007). Homologous genes were also reported in related megalocytiviruses, namely the Large yellow croaker iridovirus (LYCIV), Orange-spotted grouper iridovirus (OSGIV), Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV), Red Sea bream iridovirus (RSBIV) and Turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV) (Lu et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2010). VEGF homologs have not been reported in any other virus family.