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Plant-based Nanomaterials and their Antimicrobial Activity
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Mayuri Napagoda, Priyalatha Madhushanthi, Dharani Wanigasekara, Sanjeeva Witharana
The major causative agent for nosocomial fungal infections is Candida species, especially C. albicans being the most abundant etiological agent of systemic fungal infections in the bloodstream. Aspergillus infections together with Candida infections, which commonly affect granulocytopenic and other immunocompromised patients comprise 90% of all prevalent nosocomial fungal infections (Fridkin and Jarvis 1996). The major opportunistic pathogenic fungus that is responsible for the fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV patients, cancer patients receiving immunosuppressive treatments, individuals undergoing organ transplantation and patients with serious medical conditions is Cryptococcus neoformans (Mitchell and Perfect 1995). Moreover, rarely found deep fungal infections are caused by Zygomycetes members such as Rhizomucor pusillus, Rhizopus arrhizus and Absidia corymbifera and Ascomycota members like Fusarium spp., Blastoschizomyces capitatus; Basidiomycetes like Trichosporon beigelii are intrinsically becoming resistant to the available antifungal medications (Fridkin and Jarvis 1996).
Antifungal Activity Validation of Wild Plants used in Argentine Ethnomedicine
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Norma Hortensia Álvarez, Laura Noemí Fernandez, Gisela Marisol Seimandi, María Inés Stegmayer, Verónica Eugenia Ruiz, Marcos Gabriel Derita
There are approximately 250,000 known fungal species and at least 100 of which cause diseases in human beings. In the last three decades, an increasing number of fungal infections have been observed due to an increase in the population of severely immunocompromised patients (Pérez-Cantero et al. 2020, Kenters et al. 2019), such as patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, hematological disorders (for example, leukemia), who suffer organ transplants and extreme age groups (elders and neonates). Many clinical procedures and treatments such as surgery, catheter use, parenteral nutrition, radiation and chemotherapy, among others, are risk factors for fungal infections (Selitrennikoff 1992). The causative agents of these infections can be true pathogenic fungi or opportunistic pathogens. The latter has very low virulence but in immunocompromised patients, they show their pathogenicity, often causing lethal infections (Armstrong 1989).
The Anatomy and Physiology of Normal Thermoregulation
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Nonpathogenic and pathogenic fungi may induce fever. This can be shown when live or killed yeast cells are injected intravenously into rabbits.18 It is suggested that the mechanism for inducing EP production in vitro is related to phagocytosis of the yeast cell.19
Discovery of novel thiosemicarbazone derivatives with potent and selective anti-Candida glabrata activity
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Xianru Li, Liping Li, Haonan Zhang, Xiaochen Chi, Yuanying Jiang, Tingjunhong Ni
In summary, we designed a series of 21 thiosemicarbazone derivatives, synthesised them, and their in vitro antifungal activities were evaluated. The majority of compounds showed moderate in vitro antifungal activity against seven common pathogenic fungi. Notably, all compounds showed high potency against C. glabrata 537 with MIC values ranging from ≤ 0.0156 µg/mL to 2 µg/mL. The most potent compounds, 5j and 5r, displayed excellent antifungal activity against Candida krusei 4946 (0.0625 µg/mL and 0.0625 µg/mL, respectively) and Candida auris 922 (0.0625 µg/mL and ≤0.0156, respectively). In addition, compounds 5j and 5r also showed high potency against a further 15 C. glabrata isolates with MIC values ranging from 0.0625 µg/mL to 4 µg/mL, with compound 5r being slightly superior to 5j. Moreover, compound 5r had a certain anti-biofilm effect against C. glabrata ATCC28226, which was comparable to that of fluconazole. Furthermore, compound 5r showed low cytotoxicity against HUVECs with an IC50 value of 15.89 µg/mL and no haemolysis at 64 µg/mL. Further structure optimisation and mechanism of action studies of compound 5r are currently under investigation.
Will invasive fungal infections be The Last of Us? The importance of surveillance, public-health interventions, and antifungal stewardship
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Roxana M. Rodríguez Stewart, Jeremy A.W. Gold, Tom Chiller, D. Joseph Sexton, Shawn R. Lockhart
Each year, IFIs are responsible for over 1.5 million deaths globally and, in the United States alone, impose health-care costs ranging from five to seven billion dollars [1,2]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, rates of death from fungal infections have increased [3], and the burden of IFIs is poised to grow given the expanding population of patients living with immunosuppressive conditions (e.g. solid organ and stem cell transplantation), increasing antifungal resistance, and potential climate-change related expansion of the geographic ranges in which pathogenic fungi live. Despite the morbidity and mortality associated with fungal infections and their growing public health importance, we still have much to learn about their diagnosis and management. In this review, we discuss gaps and global disparities in fungal laboratory capacity including antifungal susceptibility testing, the paucity of fungal surveillance, and the importance of antifungal stewardship, all against the backdrop of increasing antifungal resistance and a limited armamentarium of antifungal therapies.
Therapeutic Effect of Corneal Crosslinking on Fungal Keratitis: Efficacy of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking as an Adjuvant Therapy for Fungal Keratitis in a Tertiary Eye Hospital in South India
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Vimalin Jeyalatha Mani, Durgadevi Parthasarathy, Prema Padmanabhan, Niveditha Narayanan, Meena Lakshmipathy, Saravana Kumar Pachayappan, Padmapriya Jayavel, Kulandhai Lily Therese, Hajib Narahari Rao Madhavan, Malathi Jambulingam
Roeder et al. reported that TLR2/TLR6 heterodimers are activated during fungal keratitis and are capable of establishing a strong innate immune system.33 Studies also show that TLRs are specific to different types and components of pathogenic fungi.34Fusarium spp upregulate the expression of TLR2, 3, 4 and 6 mRNA in turn activating the release of IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines.35 In consensus with other studies, we observed significant overexpression of TLR 2,3,4,5,6 and 9 during active fungal Keratitis. Reduction in the expression of TLRs 3, 4, 6 was observed in group 2 after initiation of therapy. The higher expression of TLR 4 immediately post-treatment in group 1 indicates that the fungal infection persists and can eventually trigger IL-6, IL-8 (Figure 4).