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Parasite Versus Host: Pathology and Disease
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Our task of discussing the myriad ways that parasites can cause pathology is simplified because most forms of pathology can be identified as one of several types. In general, pathology from parasitic infection may be described as the result of: Parasite-induced trauma to cells, tissues and organsChanges in cellular growth patternsInterference with host nutrient acquisitionToxins released by the parasitesThe host immune response to infectionDisruption of the microbiome
Nutritional and Medicinal Benefits of Ficus carica
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
According to the World Health Organization, only some of the drugs are frequently consumed by human beings to manage helminths. These drugs are recognised as antihelminths which play an essential role in the management of parasitic infections. The antihelminthic activity of alcoholic, water-based, ether, petroleum and chloroform extract of Ficus carica leaves was studied against Pheritima posthuma in contrast with mebendazole as a standard medicine (Patil et al., 2010). This kind of activity is also stated in other varieties of ficus, i.e., Ficus racemosa Linn and Ficus benghalensis Linn (Latha et al., 2008). One of the chemical constituent coumarins has been separated from the alcoholic extract of fig leaves by bioassay-guided isolation, and the segregated coumarin demonstrated the most potent nematicidal activity in opposition to the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Panagrellus redivivus within three days (Liu et al., 2011).
Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
A description of the classification system for helminths is followed by review of the more commonly identified helminths. The chapter is completed by a description of the commonly used anthelmintic agents and their status for use in pregnancy and lactation. Treatment recommendations for all of the helminths detailed in this chapter are based on (i) the current treatment guidelines in the CDC parasites A to Z Web site (www.cdc.gov/parasites/az/index.html) section for each organism (obtained by selecting the organism from the index and then selecting “Resources for Health Care Professions”) or (ii) The Medical Letter article entitled “Drugs for Parasitic Infections” available at The Medical Letter Web site (www.medicalletter.org). Additional information regarding laboratory diagnosis of helminthic infections can be obtained at the DPDx Web site (www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/DiagnosticProcedures.htm), which is a service of the CDC Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria. Links to the applicable sections of the Medical Letter “Drugs for Parasitic Infections” may also be accessed via the treatment tab for each organism on the DPDx Web site.
Arctigenin: pharmacology, total synthesis, and progress in structure modification
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Dan Wu, Lili Jin, Xing Huang, Hao Deng, Qing-kun Shen, Zhe-shan Quan, Changhao Zhang, Hong-Yan Guo
Toxoplasmosis is a global parasitic disease and is caused by the specialised intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which infects approximately one-third of the world’s population148. The traditional treatments for toxoplasmosis include ethidiazine, sulfadiazine, spiramycin, and atovaquone. Clinically, etanercept and sulfadiazine have shown significant anthelmintic effects, but the combination of the two drugs can cause serious adverse effects such as hypersensitivity reactions, bone marrow suppression, intolerance, and an increased risk of liver and renal complications149. To date, there is no ideal drug that can completely eradicate all forms of Toxoplasma gondii. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop highly effective and less toxic tolerable drugs for the treatment of this parasitic infection.
Signal peptide peptidase: a potential therapeutic target for parasitic and viral infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Christopher Schwake, Michael Hyon, Athar H. Chishti
Parasitic infections continue to cause severe health and economic burden in regions where transmission is endemic. Drug resistance, ineffective standards of therapy, lack of new therapeutics in the pipeline, and cost of treatment prevent affected regions from containing transmission and treating people afflicted with these diseases. Given that we have identified SPP as a new target for future therapy, efforts should be focused to understand the efficacy of these drugs in inhibiting SPP. This approach would prove to be cost-effective and pragmatic for the treatment of many neglected tropical diseases across the world. Aspartyl proteases used in HIV therapy are not without adverse effects, but considering the potentially high risks for mortality from these disease with few alternative options, repurposing known drugs with established safety and efficacy profiles is a logical next step. HIV protease inhibitors have been shown to be effective against malaria, Babesia, and Trypanosoma infections. Unlike P. falciparum, a major challenge for screening large libraries of therapeutic compounds against B. microti remains with the lack of continuous in vitro culture systems to facilitate identification of promising hits for further development. Development of parasite-specific SPP inhibitors would provide a new class of antiparasitic compounds to regions where effective treatments remain elusive.
Diagnostic and management strategies of ocular cysticercosis: current perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2020
Focusing on diagnosis, the important step is the awareness of ophthalmologist. There are many available tools that can help presumptive diagnosis of ocular cysticercosis. The imaging investigation might show ocular cystic lesion. Nevertheless, the only method to get definitive diagnosis is the histopathology examination on surgical removal specimen of the cyst. In endemic area, most of the ocular cystic lesions are usually ocular cysticercosis. Nevertheless, surgical removal is sometimes difficult and might be selected as the first choice for diagnostic approach. If the diagnosis is made, the proper management is a challenge. If it is possible, the first choice should be surgical removal. With improved ocular surgery techniques, the surgical removal of ocular cysticercosis is considered safe and effective. Early treatment is preferred since delayed treatment might result in an extension of pathological lesion. Similar to any ocular surgery, the complication might occur. The good preoperative evaluation and good operative preparation are necessary for success in treatment of the patient. In addition to surgical approach, the antiparasitic drug must be concurrently used for curative treatment. The antiparasitic drug can help getting rid of the parasitic infection that might be hidden in any other organs of the patient.