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Advances in Nanotechnology for Treatment of Women-Specific Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Smriti Arora, Ananya Bishnoi, Gunjan Vasant Bonde, Ashish Mathur
Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most lethal malignancy in women. Despite advancements in therapy, most existing treatments have negative side effects, emphasizing the need for safer and less invasive cervical cancer therapeutic methods. The human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the family Papillomaviridae. It is frequently observed in females who are sexually active and causes internal mucosa lesions. There are over 200 HPV serotypes, with HPV 16 and 18 being the present highest risk of cervical cancer.
Order Zurhausenvirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
As summarized by the official ICTV reports (Bernard et al. 2012; Van Doorslaer et al. 2018), the members of the Papillomaviridae family primarily infect mucosal and keratinized epithelia and have been isolated from fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Despite a long coevolutionary history with their hosts, some papillomaviruses remain pathogens of their natural host species.
Biology
Published in William Bonnez, Guide to Genital HPV Diseases and Prevention, 2019
Robert C. Rose, Mark H. Stoler
Papillomaviruses belongs to the Papillomaviridae family. Because culture of these viruses is not readily available, taxonomy is based on genotyping and not serotyping, which is traditionally used in virology. Genotypes are considered distinct if they share less than 90% homology in the DNA sequence of the open reading frame (ORF), coding for the major capsid protein. Subtypes have between 90% and 95% homology, and variants between 96% and 98%. The Papillomaviridae family has 18 genera. The human papillomaviruses belong to the Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, Mu-, and Nupapillomavirus. They are numbered in order of discovery.
Immunology of HPV-mediated cervical cancer: current understanding
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2021
Babban Jee, Renu Yadav, Sangeeta Pankaj, Shivendra Kumar Shahi
HPV, a member of the Papillomaviridae family, is a relatively small (55 nm in diameter) and non-enveloped virus containing approximately 8 kb long double stranded circular DNA genome which is enclosed by an icosahedral capsid comprised of 72 capsomers [14,15]. The HPV genome has functionally been divided into three regions: (i) a non-coding regulatory region of 400 to 1000 bp which is known as long control region (LCR)/upper regulatory region (URR)/non-coding region whose function is to regulate the DNA replication through controlling the transcription of ORFs, (ii) an early region consisting of E1, E2, E4, E5, E6 and E7 genes involved in viral replication, transcription, assembly and oncogenesis and (iii) a late region encoding two structural proteins L1 and L2 that form capsid of virus [16] (Figure 1). Out of 6 early genes, only E6 and E7 genes are oncogenic and have largely been implicated in causation of cervical carcinoma.
The pattern of human papillomavirus infection and genotypes among Nigerian women from 1999 to 2019: a systematic review
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Anthony Uchenna Emeribe, Idris Nasir Abdullahi, Maisie Henrietta Etukudo, Idongesit Kokoabasi Isong, Anthony Ogbonna Emeribe, Justin Onyebuchi Nwofe, Chikodi Modesta Umeozuru, Buhari Isa Shuaib, Odunayo Rahmat Oyetola Ajagbe, Amos Dangana, Bibiana Nonye Egenti, Peter Elisha Ghamba
The human papillomavirus (HPV), a member of the Papillomaviridae family is recognized as a common and significant aetiology of sexually transmitted viral infection [1,2]. It has been estimated that approximately 5.2% of all cancers are said to be caused by HPV. Of which, cancers of the vagina, cervix, penis, vulva, anus and oropharyngeal cavity are the major categories [3]. So far, more than 200 HPV types have been recognized. Out of these, 14 are thought to be high-risk (HR) HPV types, they include types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68 and 73 [3]. Although HR HPV types account for nearly all HPV-related cancers, HPV 16 and 18 are the attributable causes of 70% of cases worldwide [4]. Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) gave a worldwide report of 569,847 new cases and 311,365 deaths due to cervical cancer in 2018 [5].
Cervical cancer risk profiling: molecular biomarkers predicting the outcome of hrHPV infection
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Mariano A Molina, Ludovica Carosi Diatricch, Marina Castany Quintana, Willem JG Melchers, Karolina M Andralojc
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an ancient, non-enveloped double-stranded DNA virus from the family Papillomaviridae that causes the most common sexually transmitted infection with more than 14 million new infections annually. Over 80% of women become infected at some stage in their life. HPV family is divided into five genera based on their DNA sequences, life-cycle characteristics and disease associations. The Beta and Gamma genera are associated with asymptomatic infections causing cutaneous lesions. The genus Alphapapillomaviruses, causing mucosal and cutaneous infections, has an oncogenic role in the progression of HPV infection to cervical cancer. Within this genus, genotypes 16 and 18 are the major carcinogenic types, causing approximately 70% of all cervical cancers. Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) also includes genotypes 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 and 73 to the high-risk HPV (hrHPV) grouThe remaining genotypes of the alpha genus, classified as low risk, are rarely associated with neoplasia causing mainly asymptomatic infections or benign papillomas, which are resolved by the host immune system [2–4]. Persistent infection is the etiological agent for the majority of all cervical cancers due to the ability of hrHPV to persist and drive cell proliferation in the cervical transformation zone [2]. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of cancer caused by hrHPV infections, while in rare cases, the infection progress to adenocarcinomas (ADC). The latter comprises approximately 10–20% of all cervical cancers, with 60–100% of them being related to hrHPV [5].