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Parasite Versus Host: Pathology and Disease
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
In many cases, parasite-induced pathology is merely an unfortunate by-product of the infection that is of no obvious adaptive value to the parasite. Opisthorchis viverrini, for example, commonly called the Southeast Asian liver fluke, is a digenetic trematode that as an adult inhabits the bile duct of its mammalian definitive host. Chronic infections may lead to a cancer of the bile duct known as cholangiocarcinoma (Figure 5.2). Provoking cancer in its host provides no benefit to the fluke. Cholangiocarcinoma is simply a side effect of an O. viverrini infection.
The Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
Congenital cystic disease (Caroli’s disease, choledochal cysts), hepatolithiasis, oriental cholangiohepatitis, hepatitis C viral infection and infestation with liver flukes have also been associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarci- noma. Liver fluke infestations are particularly important in South-East Asia. Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis infestations are important in Thailand, Laos and western Malaysia. While the pathophysiology is unclear, it is thought that these parasites cause chronic inflammation that leads to DNA mutations through production of carcinogens and free radicals, which stimulate cellular proliferation in the intrahepatic bile ducts and ultimately can lead to invasive cancer.
Albendazole
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Opisthorchis viverrini is confined to Southeast Asia, where substantial numbers of the rural population may be infected. Doses of 400 mg bid for 3–7 days were found to be effective in reducing egg counts substantially and eliminating infection of the population (Chen et al., 1984; Pungpark et al., 1984). In vivo studies of efficacy against Clonorchis sinensis in rats and dogs has shown that albendazole markedly reduces worm burden (Liu et al., 1991). Clinical experience using 3- and 7-day regimens showed that the 7-day regimen was more effective in producing complete cure, although egg reduction was pronounced (> 90%) at the lower dose. However, studies have shown variable efficacy (Rossignol and Maisonneuve, 1984; Cao et al., 1985).
Comprehensive evaluation of older patients with suspected malignancy: 5-year experience of a tertiary geriatric inpatient unit
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2023
Bahar Bektan Kanat, Veysel Suzan, Gulru Ulugerger Avci, Halit Eyyup Mungan, Damla Unal, Tugce Emiroglu Gedik, Deniz Suna Erdincler, Alper Doventas, Hakan Yavuzer
To the best of our knowledge, there is no similar study specifically designed in a geriatric inpatient unit. Our study revealed our 5-year experience in the demographic and clinical data of patients hospitalized with a pre-diagnosis of malignancy, the detected malignancies, and the conditions that cause malignancy-like symptoms in older adults. The increase in the incidence of cancer with advancing age causes frequent hospitalizations in our inpatient clinic with suspicion of malignancy. Since malignant cancers are fatal, if there is any suspicion, further investigation should be performed. The most common cancer types in 2020 were announced by the World Health Organization (WHO) as breast, lung, colon, rectum, prostate, skin, and stomach, respectively however, these data included younger cases as well as older adults. In a study evaluating geriatric cancer cases, written in Thailand in 2016, the most common cancer detected in both women and men was liver and bile duct cancer. The authors attributed this to the infestation of Opisthorchis viverrini, which was a serious problem in that region of the world13. In our study, the most common three cancer types were hematological, lung and gastrointestinal tract malignancies. The reason why hematological cancers ranked first in our study can be attributed to the fact that the incidence of hematological malignancies increases in the geriatric population and advanced tests can be performed since our center is a tertiary university hospital in a cosmopolitan city.
Fish-borne trematode infections in wild fishes in Bangladesh
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Sharmin S. Labony, M. Abdul Alim, Muhammad Mehedi Hasan, Md. Shahadat Hossain, Ausraful Islam, Mohammad Zahangir Alam, Naotoshi Tsuji
More than 45 million people are affected globally only with opisthorchiasis, diseases caused by opisthorchid flukes. Of the opisthorchid flukes, Clonorchis sinensis, the most important liver fluke, affects 15 million people only in East Asia, including 13 million in China and 1 million in northern Vietnam [7,8]. Historically, although C. sinensis infection was highly endemic in Japan, only a few cases have recently been reported; however, approximately 1.2 million individuals are infected in South Korea [8]. On the other hand, 8.6 million people have been infected with Opisthorchis viverrini in Southeast Asian countries, approximately 6 million of whom were in Thailand [9]. Additionally, 1.6 million individuals are infected with O. felineus globally, including 1.5 million in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [10]. According to Nguyen et al. [4], more than 750 million individuals are at risk to fish borne liver flukes throughout Asia. Furthermore, 40–50 million individuals have been affected with one or more species of fish-borne intestinal flukes and approximately half a billion individuals are at risk globally [11]. In a recent study, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of FBTs had been reported to be 1.8 million, and estimated to have increased by 8.5% within 2007–2017 [12]. FBTs, particularly liver flukes, have been implicated in biliary tract obstruction, bile flux block, and icterus [13]. Infections by intestinal flukes cause fatigue and mild gastrointestinal symptoms, such as epigastric pain, anorexia, and diarrhea, however, in severe infections they cause abdominal cramps, malabsorption, and weight loss [14].
Effectiveness of Village Health Volunteer Parallel Program for Proactive Action to Reduce Risk Factors for Cholangiocarcinoma in Two High-Risk Countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Nopparat Songserm, Sureerat Butprom, Comsun Thongchai, Monthicha Ruksilp, Pattaraporn Charoenbut, Somkiattiyos Woradet, Timith Souvanaa, Vanida Buonhoseng, Akhtar Ali
In 1994, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) grouped and reported the Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) infection as a group 1 carcinogen in humans (1). The carcinogenic effect of OV begins with eating raw or uncooked Cyprinoid freshwater fish products (2). It can cause cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) based on epidemiological studies’ findings in many areas and a wide range of study designs (3–7). Presently, OV and CCA are still major international public health problems in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), where people are even exposed to many risk behaviors (8–10). Therefore, if public health agencies in the GMS network partner cooperate in addressing these issues, it is probably the best solution.