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Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
Published in Meera Chand, John Holton, Case Studies in Infection Control, 2018
Helen McAuslane, Dominik Zenner
TB infections are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which includes the species M. tuberculosis sensu stricto an Asian variety, M. africanum (biotypes I and II), M. bovis, M. bovis BCG, M. microti, M. caprae, M. canetti, and M. pinnipedi. Mycobacterium spp. are nonmotile and rod shaped, and they do not stain well with Gram stain. They are obligate aerobes that grow best in tissues with a high-oxygen content, such as the lungs. They are classified as acid-fast bacilli because of their ability to retain dyes when treated with acids, as in the Ziehl-Neelson stain method.
Sparfloxacin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species that are sensitive to conventional agents, sparfloxacin has activity that is superior to that of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin but inferior to that of moxifloxacin (Singh et al., 2009; Suzuki et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014; see Chapter 105, Moxifloxacin). However, sparfloxacin, similar to other fluoroquinolones, shows activity that is less impressive against rifampicin-resistant or multidrug-resistant strains (Lourenco et al., 2007; Sulochana et al., 2005; Tomioka et al., 2000). Studies in mice suggest that on a weight to weight basis, sparfloxacin is 6- to 8-fold more active against M. tuberculosis than ofloxacin (Ji et al., 1991; Lalande et al., 1993).
Mycobacterium
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Flábio R. de Araújo, Nalvo F. Almeida
Mycobacterial species causing tuberculosis in humans and animals belong to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). The following organisms are considered members of the MTBC: M. tuberculosis [6]; Mycobacterium africanum [7] and Mycobacterium canettii [8], which are mainly human pathogens; M. bovis [9] and Mycobacterium caprae [10], which are mainly ruminant pathogens; Mycobacterium microti, a pathogen of small rodents [11]; Mycobacterium pinnipedii [12] from marine mammals; Mycobacterium mungi from mongooses [13]; and Mycobacterium orygis from oryx [14].
Retrospective evaluation of routine whole genome sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the Belgian National Reference Center, 2019
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Karine Soetaert, Pieter-Jan Ceyssens, Samira Boarbi, Bert Bogaerts, Thomas Delcourt, Kevin Vanneste, Sigrid C.J. De Keersmaecker, Nancy H.C. Roosens, Alexandra Vodolazkaia, Marina Mukovnikova, Vanessa Mathys
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, still represents a global public health problem with 10 million new cases of active disease and 1.2 million deaths reported in 2019 by the World Health Organization [1]. In Belgium, 8.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants were reported in 2019 classifying it as a low TB incidence country. However, incidence peaks are observed in specific regions, such as Brussels (28.1/100,000 inhabitants in 2019) and other big cities. Approximately 4% of Belgian TB cases present resistance to one drug and 2% are multidrug-resistant (MDR) defined as resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin [2]. In the light of international migration, quick detection and efficient monitoring of MDR-TB is crucial in high-income countries. Indeed, the incidence of tuberculosis is high among migrants, and rapid detection can reduce the TB burden and the transmission of MDR-TB in migrants and the community at large [3].
The molecular patterns of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs: an analysis from Istanbul, Turkey
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Hatice Yazisiz, Derya Hircin Cenger, Nilay Uçarman, Sedat Altin
The expansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains with anti-TB drug resistance significantly deteriorates the prognosis, causes treatment failure, and increases transmission potential. According to WHO TB surveillance reports, there has been a rise in drug‐resistant TB cases worldwide.1,3,4 Worldwide in 2017, an estimated 558,000 people developed TB that was resistant to rifampicin (RIF), which is the most effective first-line drug; 82% of these had also concomitant isoniazid (INH) resistance. Such strains are named multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). The highest MDR-TB proportions were reported in eastern and northern countries, such as China, India, and the Soviet Union.1 The increased prevalence of drug‐resistant strains requires the development of new anti-TB drugs for TB infection control.5 Rapid identification of drug-resistant strains in TB patients could contribute to changing treatment agents for effective treatment and interrupting transmission.6
Circulation of M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype in Latin America and the Caribbean
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
MI Cerezo-Cortés, JG Rodríguez-Castillo, R Hernández-Pando, MI Murcia
TB is caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), which are the species that most frequently infect humans. Some time ago, it was generally believed that TB was caused by a pathogen with uniform characteristics, since its genome was considered as highly conserved and without horizontal gene transfer. The only strain that showed horizontal gene transfer and recombination between different strains is M. canettii, a smooth variant of MTBC that is one of the oldest members of this complex and exhibit higher genetic variability in comparison with other members of the complex. So far, there is no evidence of human-to-human transmission of this strain and there are reports of about 60 unique cases in Africa, suggesting that the origin of this bacterium is environmental, and no specific reservoir has been identified [3,15]. Even though M. canettii can produce gene horizontal transfer, there is no evidence that other members of the MTBC can do it, preventing this strain as a source of genetic variability to other members.