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Factors Controlling the Microflora of the Skin
Published in Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh, Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
The normal bacterial skin microflora has three major components: the micrococcaceae, the coryneforms, and a Gram-negative component principally Acinetobacter. In addition there is a yeast flora of Pityrosporum. Many other bacterial species can be found on the skin; thus Somerville1,2 reported α- and β-hemolytic streptococci, especially in children, Neisseria species and coliform bacteria, plus “contaminants” such as Bacillus species. However, these minor components have been much less well studied and little or nothing is known of the factors which permit or prevent their growth. There is no doubt that the factor which brings about the biggest change in the skin microflora is the availability of water; occlusion of the skin results in major changes in numbers and in composition. Other factors include nutrient availability and presence of inhibitors but in general these have proved less amenable to experimental study in vivo. It will be convenient to discuss each group of organisms in turn and to consider the major factors thought to control them, but the skin, like any other habitat, is influenced by a variety of factors acting simultaneously.
Lymphangitis
Published in Waldemar L. Olszewski, Lymph Stasis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment, 2019
Three categories of skin microbes exist: (1) transients—those contaminating organisms which are not multiplying; (2) temporary residents—contaminants which multiply and persist for a short period; and (3) residents—the permanent inhabitants of the skin. The resident bacterial flora is usually considered to consist of the coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae and the diphtheroids; yet Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, and Trichophyton strain are presumably resident and multiplying. The Staphylococcus strains may be carried for periods of several years. This applies also to Trychophyton and acid-fast bacilli. There are variations in numbers of different bacterial strains over longer periods of time depending on the sex, skin area, antibiotic treatment, etc. Also there are significant differences between individuals, with persons with consistently high or low counts.
Biogenic Amines in Plant Food
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Kamil Ekici, Abdullah Khalid Omer
Amino acid decarboxylases are chemicals that exist in numerous microorganisms, which might be either normally recommended in nourishment items or might be prescribed by defilement recently, amid, or after sustenance preparing. Many bacteria and some of yeast may show decarboxylase activity in forming biogenic amines. For example, the following bacteria have decarboxylase activity: Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Bacillus, Photobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Proteus, Shigella, Salmonella, Micrococcaceae, Staphylococcus, and Micrococcus. Additionally, a considerable measure of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) having a place with the genera Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium, Pediococcus, Lactococcus, and Leuconostoc can decarboxylate amino acids (Santos, 1996; Stadnik and Dolatowski, 2010).
Investigating the potential of fish oil as a nutraceutical in an animal model of early life stress
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Sian Egerton, Francisco Donoso, Patrick Fitzgerald, Snehal Gite, Fiona Fouhy, Jason Whooley, Ted G. Dinan, John F. Cryan, Sarah C. Culloty, R. Paul Ross, Catherine Stanton
The dominant families in all the experimental groups were Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidales S24-7 group, Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidaceae (Figure 5(d)). MS-Con animals had lower relative abundances for many microbial families compared to NS-Con animals. These differences were found to be statistically significant for Micrococcaceae, Caldicoprobacteraceae, Christensenellaceae and Streptococcaceae. Administration of fluoxetine on its own increased the relative abundance of these families, however, the levels were still statistically lower than those found in samples from NS-Con animals. Supplementation with fish oil did not cause the same widespread increases. However, the family Nocardiaceae was at a significantly higher relative abundance in the two fish oil treated groups compared to the MS-Con group, while Prevotellaceae was also at a notably higher level and this difference was statistically significant for the MS-FLX-FO group.
Akkermansia muciniphila and environmental enrichment reverse cognitive impairment associated with high-fat high-cholesterol consumption in rats
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Sara G. Higarza, Silvia Arboleya, Jorge L. Arias, Miguel Gueimonde, Natalia Arias
Next, we assessed the gut microbiota composition in each group of rats. When comparing the NC and HFHC groups, the pattern was substantially different (Supplemental Figure 2), in agreement with previous studies.3 The main differences were found in the greater abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Ruminococacceae in the NC groups compared to the HFHC groups, which harbored a greater abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae, or Peptostreptococcaceae. Then, to explore how EE could affect the different phylotypes of the microbiota, we applied a linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) method at the family level to investigate the taxa most likely to explain differences in abundances across the groups. When we compared the four animal groups – NC, NC+EE, HFHC, HFHC+EE – the results identified statistically significant increased abundance of Micrococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, and Ruminococcaceae in the NC+EE group compared to the remaining groups, and an increased abundance of different families belonging to the Firmicutes phyla and Akkermansiaceae as the most differential microorganisms in the HFHC+EE when compared with the other three groups (Figure 2(b)).
Tongue coating microbiome data distinguish patients with pancreatic head cancer from healthy controls
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Haifeng Lu, Zhigang Ren, Ang Li, Jinyou Li, Shaoyan Xu, Hua Zhang, Jianwen Jiang, Jiezuan Yang, Qixia Luo, Kai Zhou, Shusen Zheng, Lanjuan Li
The phylum structure of the tongue coating microbiota for each participant is shown in Figure S2a. Of the major phyla, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria and TM7 were the six most predominant, together accounting for more than 96% of the total sequences (Figure S2b). Analysis at the phylum level showed that PCH patient groups presented significantly higher relative abundance of Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria (P < 0.05, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively, by the Mann–Whitney U-test), and a significantly lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (P < 0.001) when compared with the healthy control group (Figure S2c). At the family level, Prevotellaceae, Pasteurellaceae and Porphyromonadaceae were more abundant in the healthy control tongue coating microbiome, and 14 bacterial families were more abundant in the PHC tongue coating microbiome, including Leptotrichiaceae, Fusobacteriaceae, Actinomycetaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Micrococcaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Campylobacteraceae (Figure 4(a)). Of the 19 discriminatory genera, the relative abundance of Porphyromonas, Haemophilus and Paraprevotella were significantly higher in the healthy control tongue coating microbiome, and the others were significantly higher in the PHC tongue coating microbiome, including Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Rothia, Solobacterium, Oribacterium, Campylobacter, Atopobium and Parvimonas (Figure 4(b)).