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Natural Products from the Amazon Region as Potential Antimicrobials
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Josiane E. A. Silva, Iasmin L. D. Paranatinga, Elaine C. P. Oliveira, Silvia K. S. Escher, Ananda S. Antonio, Leandro S. Nascimento, Patricia P. Orlandi, Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior
Regarding the antimicrobial activity of the C. reticulata EO, copalic acid has an MIC ranging from 5 to 0.5 µg/mL for pathogens including Kocuria rhizophila, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtillis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Meanwhile, the MIC of kaurenoic acid is approximately 5 µg/mL against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes (Mizuno et al. 2015; Arruda et al. 2019).
Microbial Monitoring of a Manufacturing Facility
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
In addition to microbial counts, it is important to identify microbial isolates to detect changes in trends. For example, a shift in the types of microflora indicates deviation from the “norm”. In general, microflora present in air samples are associated with either human skin (e.g., Gram-positive cocci) or the environment (e.g., Gram-positive bacilli and fungi) (10). If a Gram-negative bacillus is isolated from an air sample, it is probable that the air sample had been taken in facility wet areas such as wash bays due to the generation of water aerosols. Typical microbial species that can be isolated in air samples from a manufacturing plant environment include species of the genera Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Paenibacillus, Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium), Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Kocuria, Pseudomonas, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, and Penicillium species (10–13).
The Uterine Microbiota
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Jonah Bardos, Carlos Simón, Inmaculada Moreno
Alterations of the vaginal microbiota may also be associated with various pregnancy outcomes (Table 21.1). During pregnancy, there is a consistently elevated level of estrogen associated with an increase in vaginal Lactobacillus dominance.64 Several studies have suggested that altered microbiota are associated with preterm birth,65–67 preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), chorioamnionitis, and early or late miscarriages.68–73 One study of the vaginal microbiome on the day of embryo transfer suggested that lower bacterial diversity was associated with better IVF outcomes. A recent study suggested that higher frequencies of vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus are associated with higher chance of pregnancy when utilizing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).74 Neither of these studies included sampling of the upper reproductive tract, so it is hard to draw conclusive results.75 Another small study in 2020, studying both the vaginal and uterine microbiomes, suggested that a Lactobacillus dominant vaginal environment was associated with improved IVF outcomes. That study also found that Kocuria dechangensis, a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium in the vagina, is associated with poor reproductive outcomes.76 The literature appears to support the concept that alterations in the vaginal microbiome are associated with various poor outcomes and that examining the vaginal microbiome, along with the upper reproductive tract microbiome, at the time of an IVF transfer may shed additional information into the causes of these poor outcomes (Table 21.1).
Kocuria Endophthalmitis: Clinical Spectrum and Long-term Outcomes
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Gabriela P. Amadeo-Oreggioni, Grecia Y. Ortiz-Ramirez, Pablo Baquero-Ospina, Guillermo Salcedo-Villanueva, Jorge Jans Fromow-Guerra, Raul Velez-Montoya
In this regard, bacteria from the ocular microbiota have traditionally been disregarded as potential pathogens in immunocompetent hosts and are usually classified as contaminations of laboratory samples when observed or grown in culture.6,13Kocuria spp. are catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, nonhemolytic gram-positive cocci ubiquitous to the skin, nasal, and oral mucosa in humans.5,14 The presence of Kocuria spp. in the ocular surface has long been considered harmless and potentially pathogenic only to neonates, immunocompromised hosts.15,16 However, there is evidence that suggests that several species of Kocuria are capable of inducing bacteremia, peritonitis, urinary tract infections, cholecystitis, endocarditis, brain abscess, keratitis, and canaliculitis, even in immunocompetent hosts.5,14–20 It is believed that a potential misclassification of Kocuria spp. into the CNS by phenotypic assays has kept the prevalence low and that new systems such as Vitek 2 may improve the identification rate. In particular, if measures are taken to minimize the phenotypic variation of different bacterial strains in culture, and culture-independent techniques, such as 16S rRNA sequencing, are also employed.1,16,21
Kocuria kristinae pneumonia and bacteremia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Michelle Bernshteyn, Prashanth Ashok Kumar, Sumendra Joshi
K. kristinae was first described in 1974 and is a catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, nonmotile, gram-positive facultative anaerobe that occurs in tetrads. As a natural commensal of the skin and mucosal flora in several mammals, it acts as an opportunistic pathogen. Five of the 18 known species of the genus Kocuria are pathogenic.3 Although disease caused by this organism is extremely uncommon, recent data have shown that it is on the rise, even in relatively healthy individuals, and poses a major public health problem. K. kristinae brings a challenge of multidrug resistance. A systematic meta-analysis by Napolitani et al described K. kristinae in 17 cases of central venous catheter–related bacteremia, four of infective endocarditis, three of acute peritonitis, and one each of abdominal abscess, umbilical sepsis, acute cholecystitis, and urinary tract infection. The spectrum of pathology requires a high index of suspicion and extensive microbiological testing to make a diagnosis.2
Infectious Keratitis Caused by Rare and Emerging Micro-Organisms
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Pranita Sahay, Siddhi Goel, Ritu Nagpal, Prafulla K. Maharana, Rajesh Sinha, Tushar Agarwal, Namrata Sharma, Jeewan S. Titiyal
Kocuria spp. is a coagulase-negative gram-positive coccus that rarely causes keratitis and canaliculitis.16,17 Keratitis is usually seen in eyes with compromised ocular surface or immunocompromised patient. Clinical presentation is variable with a severe course and poor outcome in the majority of the cases. The identification of this species is done by culture reports, mass spectroscopy and gene analysis. It forms 2–3 mm whitish, small, round, raised, convex colonies, which develops a yellowish pigmentation on prolonged incubation in blood agar.16Kocuria spp. is often misdiagnosed as coagulase-negative staphylococcus. It is sensitive to vancomycin, cephalosporin, and few fluoroquinolones. Usually, these cases are severe at presentation requiring surgical intervention.16