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Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The Junin virus causes humanlike hemorrhagic disease in guinea pigs, hamsters, and mice [253,254]. Paralysis can be induced in infant mice by Pichinde and Tacaribe viruses [255]. With adaptation, the Pichinde virus can also induce fatal infections in hamsters and guinea pigs [256]. The Machupo virus will induce chronic infections in hamsters [257] and will induce fatal infections in marmosets [258] and rhesus monkeys [259]. The Lassa fever virus will induce fatal infections in guinea pigs [256] and in monkeys [260]. Most of these viruses are highly restricted in their transport and experimental use, with P-4 containment often required. As a result, few facilities are available for studies with these diseases. The U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases at Fort Detrick (Frederick, Maryland) has such appropriately equipped laboratories, and in vivo viral chemotherapy studies have been reported with Pichinde, Machupo, and Lassa fever viruses [256,261],
Unexplained Fever In Neurological Disorders
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
This is an infection with arenavirus. In Argentina 13,000 cases have been reported in Buenos Aires and adjacent provinces during one epidemic.35 The virus is carried in several species of local rodents (cricetidae). This is a serious infection with a mortality rate of 10 to 20%. The clinical signs include high fever, headache, lymphadenopathy, and erythematous exanthem. Varied neurological signs are found in fatal cases. Unfortunately, the spinal fluid is frequently normal when atypical pathological signs of hemorrhagic encephalitis are usually present. The virus can be recovered from the brain.35 A similar related disease has been described in Bolivia and is due to Machupo virus while the Argentinian virus is known as Junin virus.36 A related disorder is known as “Lassa fever”, reported from Nigeria.
Argentine and Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fevers (South American Hemorrhagic Fevers)
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
Patricia A. Webb, Julio I. Maiztegui
Post-mortem studies in cases of AHF48,49 and BHF50 have shown similar nonspecific alterations consistent in widespread congestion, edema, and hemorrhages. Electron microscopy and IF studies revealed characteristic intracellular lesions coincident with the presence of Junin virus antigens.51 These alterations were observed in the majority of organs, but are more prominent in lymphatic tissues.52 It has also been shown that the virus is associated with circulating lymphomononuclear cells.44 These observations indicate that Junin virus has a marked lymphotropism and suggest that lymphatic tissues are the main sites of viral replication. There is bone marrow inhibition53 with moderate to severe leukopenia and an increased susceptibility to superimposed infections. Several studies have shown alterations in the immune response.54,55 During the acute period of AHF, cell-mediated immunity is depressed56 and recent observations revealed marked changes in the T cell subpopulations.57 The proportion of T helpers decreases while the T repressor lymphocytes increase, resulting in a very low T4/T8 ratio. This is an acute, transitory immunodefficiency, since the T subpopulations return to normal values in early convalescence.
Reproducibility and flexibility of monoclonal antibody production with Nicotiana benthamiana
Published in mAbs, 2022
Kelsi Swope, Josh Morton, Gregory P. Pogue, Leigh Burden, Nicholas Partain, Steve Hume, John Shepherd, Carrie A. Simpson, Miles B. Brennan, Thomas C. Furman, Sheila Kingrey-Gebe, Theresa Martinez, Jim McDonough, Michael H. Pauly, Kevin J. Whaley, Larry Zeitlin, Barry Bratcher, Hugh Haydon
Five of the KBP-produced mAb products have been in clinical trials for treatment of disease caused by Ebola virus, HSV, and HIV, and for contraception (Table 6), indicating that the platform can produce a variety of mAb products of sufficient purity and safety for use in patients. The remaining mAb products target viral diseases, such as rabies, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, or hemorrhagic fever caused by Marburg virus, Junin virus, or Ebola virus. Some mAbs target bacterial infections, such as Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and others are intended to neutralize toxins, such as ricin. Thus, antibodies produced with this platform have diverse potential applications.
Patent landscape of novel technologies for combating category-A Arenavirus infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Harshal Sudhakar, Jignesh Bhate, Asish Kumar Patra
AHF is caused by Junin virus, cases of Junin virus infection are commonly reported during harvest season in Argentina which lasts from February to May [18]. Clinical manifestation includes shock, hypotension, petechiae, ecchymoses. Clinical findings include leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and proteinuria, bleeding, and neurologic signs [12]. With the availability of only ribavirin established for treatment, search for new antiviral compounds has gained momentum. Some of the active patents relating to AHF infections are as follows: