China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Argentine and Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fevers (South American Hemorrhagic Fevers)
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
Patricia A. Webb, Julio I. Maiztegui
Argentine and Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers (AHF, BHF) are severe diseases produced by Junin and Machupo viruses. The first epidemics of AHF were recognized in 19531 and Junin virus was isolated in 1958.2,3 The initial outbreaks of BHF were reported a few years later, and Machupo virus was isolated in 1965.4 The etiologic agents of AHF and BHF belong to the family Arenaviridae and are associated with cricetine rodents that are their natural reservoirs. Junin and Machupo viruses produce chronic, subclinical infections in their rodent hosts, with persistent viremia and virus shedding in the saliva and urine.5-7 The clinical manifestations of AHF and BHF are very similar, with hematologic, neurologic, cardiovascular, renal, and immunologic alterations. The case-fatality rate may be as high as 30%, but early treatment with immune plasma is very effective, reducing the case-fatality rate of AHF to less than 2%.8,9
Arenaviruses and Neurovirology
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek, Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Argentine hemorrhagic fever was first recognized in 1943, and the first isolation of the Junin virus was in 1958. A range of 300-600 cases per year are generally reported primarily in individuals involved with agricultural activities in the pampas of the country (Maiztegui et al. 1986). The areas of endemicity have extended, especially northward, but overall, there are hot spots of infection in those areas (Mills et al. 1991).
Clinical and economic impact of ferric carboxymaltose treatment for iron deficiency in patients stabilized following acute heart failure: a multinational study
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Phil McEwan, Piotr Ponikowski, Tinevimbo Shiri, Giuseppe M. C. Rosano, Andrew J. S. Coats, Fabio Dorigotti, Antonio Ramirez de Arellano, Ewa A. Jankowska
There were some limitations to the analysis presented. While AFFIRM-AHF was a multinational trial across Europe, South America and Singapore, efficacy data per country was not sufficiently large to enable reliable country-specific analysis. Consequently, the results from each country adaptation of the cost-offset model, where clinical parameters were unchanged, may not fully represent the treatment guidelines and diversity of clinical outcomes for each local setting. Tailoring of model inputs within the country adaptations was made wherever possible; although these inputs were subject to the availability and quality of the data that could be sourced from relevant literature. The application of country-specific prevalence data was successful in the UK and Swiss models, but the use of a European proxy for ID prevalence in the Italian base case was required. Further, the population at risk of AHF in Italy was reported as patients hospitalized for an episode of either HF or stroke, with no disaggregated figure reported. The combined impact of these input assumptions results in an undetermined effect on the population at risk and associated cost savings generated of FCM in the Italian setting; nevertheless, the consistency of the DSA results with the base case give confidence to the robustness of the central model.
Managing Viral Emerging Infectious Diseases via current Molecular Diagnostics in the Emergency Department: the Tricky Cases
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
The first case of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection was identified in 1960s [2]. Afterward, hantaviruses were described as the etiological agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome [3]. Sporadic cases of Lassa fever, Argentine hemorrhagic fever, and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever had also been a major concern for public health [4]. Since the emergence of the Nipah virus (NiV), this virus has reappeared on different occasions causing severe infections [5]. In 2002, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was identified, and, in 2009, the H1N1 influenza virus showed high community transmission yet low mortality [6,7]. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was firstly identified in 2012 and has also caused outbreaks, with its severe cases possibly to succumb to fatal outcomes [8]. The 2013–2015 West African epidemic has been characterized as the most geographically extensive, most fatal, and longest lasting epidemic in Ebola’s history [9]. Zika virus was evident from 2007, but resulted to a Brazilian pandemic outbreak in 2015 [10]. In 2019, SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified and led to the current pandemic, while nowadays the Monkeypox virus is again evident [11].
An overview of proteomic methods for the study of ‘cytokine storms’
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Paul David, Frederik J. Hansen, Adil Bhat, Georg F. Weber
BD Biosciences offers the BD® Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) that detects cytokines in three formats: CBA Kits, CBA Flex, and CBA Enhanced Sensitivity Flex Sets. With CBA Kits, a group in China measured the cytokine level in children infected with COVID-19 [62]. Another group characterized the inflammatory cytokine profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children with enterovirus-related encephalitis [63]. CBA-enhanced Sensitivity Flex kits were used to detect the cytokine level while performing a detailed investigation of arenavirus hemorrhagic fever (AHF) pathophysiology [64]. Biolegend’s Human Cytokine Panel 2 is a multiplex bead-based assay panel, using fluorescence encoded beads convenient for application on different flow cytometers [65]. This panel permits simultaneous measurements of 13 human cytokines [4]. Cytometric-based assays have the advantage of being economical than ELISA in terms of cost and sample used for the assays. Although sensitivity could be a minor issue, this is generally counterbalanced by the extensive amount of data generated from a single experiment.