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Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
Lyme disease tends to occur more commonly in temperate areas of North America, Europe, and Asia.4 In the United States, the highest incidence is primarily in three geographic foci: the Northeast, the northern Midwest, and occasionally in northern California. These areas harbor the Ixodes tick vectors, particularly Ixodes scapularis.5 The states with the highest incidence of infection are Minnesota, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Delaware, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland.
Ticks
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
No white markings on dorsal side, no eyes or festoons (Figure 30.37) (like other members of genus). Anal groove encircles the anus anteriorly. Males have sclerotized ventral plates. Adults are generally dark brown in color. Females have moderately long mouthparts. This tick looks almost identical to Ixodes scapularis.
Tick-borne disease (babesiosis)
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Hanish Jain, Garima Singh, Rahul Mahapatra
Babesia infections range from asymptomatic to severe and are sometimes fatal.1 The severity of infection depends on the Babesia species and the immune status of the host.2 Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease that shares the Lyme disease tick vector. Other pathogens transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks include Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia miyamotoi, Borrelia mayonii, Powassan virus, and Ehrlichia muris–like agent. As many as two-thirds of patients with babesiosis experience concurrent Lyme disease, and one-third experience concurrent human granulocytic anaplasmosis.3B. microti is the predominant species that infects humans in the United States. The incubation period of B. microti infection following a tick bite is typically 1 to 4 weeks. This case highlights the importance of exchange transfusion in severe cases of babesiosis.
Tick transmission of toxoplasmosis
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Studies on the possible transmission of T. gondii from infected ticks to mammalian hosts are limited. Given the incidence of this parasite in the human population and the neurologic consequences of latent infection [68,69], it is important to identify if ticks play a role in the distribution of T. gondii. Among the questions to be answered by future research are which species of ticks are most likely to be viable transmitters, including the study of Ixodes scapularis (Blacklegged or Deer tick) – another tick with a rapidly expanding habitat within the US [70]. Early studies indicate a short lifespan of T. gondii within the tick. Newer studies to determine if the parasite has developed mechanisms to survive long-term inside these vectors are needed. Also, if ticks are firmly established as vectors of T. gondii, determining if the parasite can be transmitted to offspring transovarially will provide a better understanding of which life stage ticks are able to transmit the disease. Transmission time for ticks to convey the parasite to a host after attachment will also need to be established. Recent studies have found rapid transmission time after tick attachment for some tick-borne pathogens, such as Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) in just 10 min of attachment if the tick has been feeding on prior hosts [71] and Powhassan virus in just 15 min of tick attachment [72].
Babesiosis as a cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a series of eight cases
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2019
Silvia Alvarez De Leon, Priyasha Srivastava, Alberto E. Revelo, Aparna Kadambi, Marc Y. El Khoury, Gary P. Wormser, Oleg Epelbaum
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema that occurs as a response of the lung to an injurious trigger. It is a potentially lethal disease associated with a mortality rate exceeding 40% in severe cases [1]. It is diagnosed based on a set of clinical criteria and is characterized histopathologically by diffuse alveolar damage, the hallmark of which is hyaline membrane formation. Infection, specifically pneumonia, is the most common etiology of ARDS, which can also result from non-infectious insults such as trauma and acute pancreatitis [2]. The tick-borne parasitic infection babesiosis has also been described in association with ARDS, albeit in case reports [3–6] or as part of case series examining complications of this infection [7–9]. By virtue of infecting circulating red blood cells, Babesia microti may cause ARDS by mechanisms that differ from those of extracellular organisms present in the bloodstream. In this study from the only tertiary care medical center in the Lower Hudson Valley of New York, an endemic area for babesiosis and other Ixodes scapularis transmitted infections, we describe the clinical characteristics of eight hospitalized patients with B. microti infection who developed ARDS and were treated in the medical intensive care unit (MICU).