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Environments of Health and Disease in Tropical Africa before the Colonial Era
Published in Lori Jones, Disease and the Environment in the Medieval and Early Modern Worlds, 2022
In south-eastern Africa, for instance, people had long recognized the role the fly played in both animal and human trypanosomiasis. They had produced a pragmatic, experimental knowledge of its ecology, and applied this knowledge to define “dirty” – tsetse-fly infested – spaces that should be avoided, and settlement strategies and patterns of mobility to limit exposure (Mavhunga 2018, 4–7, 10–14, 23–37). Sometimes, diseased landscapes became no man’s lands, part of defensive strategic efforts to weaken any military incursions by foreigners, such as was used in the Munhumutapa kingdom located between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; rulers here “deliberately left an area near the Indian Ocean unsettled because of the presence of mhesvi [tsetse fly] and hutunga [mosquitoes]” (Mavhunga 2018, 31).18 The deadly trap is reported to have caused heavy losses of horses and men during a Portuguese incursion in 1569. Similar strategies were employed in the Songhai Empire, in West Africa.
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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Trypanosomiasis Sleeping sickness. Deaths in cattle following tsetse fly bites in Africa were noted in 1857 by the missionary surgeon, David Livingstone (1813–1873). English Naval surgeon, John Atkins (1685–1757), mentioned’ a fly disease of African horses known as ‘nagna’ in 1734. The first accurate description, called kondee in Africa, was given by an English doctor, Thomas Masterman Winterbottom (1765–1859) who practiced in Sierra Leone. The causative agent was identified in the blood of the diseased animals by Sir David Bruce (1855–1931) in 1894. The first trypanosome to be identified was in a salmon by Gabriel Gustav Valentin (1810–1909) in 1841. The name for the genus of the protozoal etiological agent was proposed by Hungarian mycologist, David Gruby (1810–1898), following his discovery of the organism in the blood of frogs in 1844. British parasitologist, Timothy Richard Lewis (1841–1886), found Trypanosoma lewisi which infected rats in Calcutta in 1879. A case of human trypanosomiasis was described by Joseph Everett Dutton (1877–1905) in 1902 and named Trypanosoma gambiense. Trypanosoma rhodisiense, cause of sleeping sickness, was discovered by John William Watson Stevens (1865–1946) and Harold Benjamin Fanthom (1875–1937) in 1910. See Trypanosoma cruzi, trypanosomicidal drugs.
Whose Knowledge Matters?
Published in Kevin Bardosh, One Health, 2016
Catherine Grant, Neil Anderson, Noreen Machila
Looking at the perspectives of these four narratives, it is clear that increased disease surveillance and burden assessments that account for both animal and human trypanosomiasis together are essential to opening up the debate. There is still under-reporting of trypanosomiasis, and without accurate information on disease burden and impact it is difficult for decision-makers to plan and manage disease control, identify hotspots and drive the prioritization process forward. But the monitoring also needs to shift from a focus on the disease to the wider social-ecological interactions that surround it. This requires rethinking the foundations of disease surveillance – what are we, in fact, monitoring?
Drug-like molecules with anti-trypanothione synthetase activity identified by high throughput screening
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Diego Benítez, Jaime Franco, Florencia Sardi, Alejandro Leyva, Rosario Durán, Gahee Choi, Gyongseon Yang, Taehee Kim, Namyoul Kim, Jinyeong Heo, Kideok Kim, Honggun Lee, Inhee Choi, Constantin Radu, David Shum, Joo Hwan No, Marcelo A. Comini
Diseases caused by trypanosomatids (e.g. Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and African sleeping sickness) represent a major health problem in endemic regions and an emerging threat in industrialised countries due to global migration. To date, the therapeutic arsenal to combat human Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis is rather limited in quantity and quality (low efficacy, safety, high cost and difficult administration) as it is also the number of backup drugs that await (pre)clinical assessment1.
Are patents important indicators of innovation for Chagas disease treatment?
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Andrea Pestana Caroli, Felipe R. P. Mansoldo, Veronica S. Cardoso, Celso Luiz Salgueiro Lage, Flavia L. Carmo, Claudiu T Supuran, Alane Beatriz Vermelho
The focus of the e patent EP3345917A1 [89] is a peptide chain with 5 to 7 amino acids for the treatment of parasitic disease, African human trypanosomiasis (HAT), African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT), and Leishmaniasis, particularly visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Some of them contain -aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), leucine (Leu), or alanine (Ala).