China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Review on Imaging Features for COVID-19
Published in S. Prabha, P. Karthikeyan, K. Kamalanand, N. Selvaganesan, Computational Modelling and Imaging for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, 2021
Coronaviruses were surrounded by positive RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) which range from 60 nm to 140 nm of diameter. There are four types of coronaviruses: HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1); NL63; 229E; and OC43, all of which are circulated in humans. HKU1 is a species of coronaviruses in humans which is a novel representative of group II (beta) from an adult, NL63 is a novel representative of a group I (alpha) from a child with bronchiolitis, 229E and OC43 are representative of group I (alpha) and II (beta) viruses, which are common cold viruses (Pyrc et al., 2007). The Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV‐OC43) causes problems in respiratory systems. Initially, the coronavirus β genera originated from bats and traversed to humans via intermediate hosts of civet cats in China. These viruses are designated as SARS-CoV-2. During 2012, the MERS-CoV has emerged from bats and dromedary camels as intermediate hosts. This has developed into a new public health disease. HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are SARS-CoV-2, and HCoV-HKU1 is MERS-CoV (Singhal, 2020).
Molecular detections of coronavirus: current and emerging methodologies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Mingkun Diao, Lang Lang, Juan Feng, Rongsong Li
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already claimed more than 3 million deaths worldwide so far. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the genus Coronavirus, which widely exist in nature with positive-sense, single-stranded RNA as their genetic material. Seven coronaviruses have been identified to cause respiratory diseases in human, including human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 [1]. In the past two decades, the spreading of coronavirus caused three epidemics with severe symptoms and high mortality rates in patients. The SARS-CoV in late 2002, upon identified in China, quickly spread to Southeast Asia and other regions in the world. This epidemic was gradually eliminated by mid-2003 and had a mortality rate around 10% [2]. The MERS-CoV outbreak was firstly identified in Saudi Arabia in September, 2012, and quickly spread to Mid-east Asia, Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia, then ended in May, 2015. It had more than 1000 confirmed cases with a striking mortality rate of more than 35% [3]. The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started in late 2019 [4]. Though the fatality rate for the ongoing pandemic is less as compared to SARS and MERS, it is much more contagious and led to far more total deaths [5].
Rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Tiantian Sun, Liyun Guo, Fei Tian, Tiantian Dai, Xiaohong Xing, Junqing Zhao, Qiang Li
Of the four genera in the coronavirus subfamily [1], Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus infect mammals, and Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus mostly infect birds [2]. Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) both cause disease in humans and belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus. Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belong to the Betacoronavirus genus, of which HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 are viruses responsible for common colds [3]. Some studies have shown a close relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the SARS coronavirus that infects bats and to SARS-CoV. However, the change in the minimum receptor-binding domain of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is more significant, thus enhancing the virus’s ability to spread [4,5,6,7]. It has been reported that the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is more likely to bind to the surface protein of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Compared with the SARS virus, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 has a 10–20 times higher affinity for ACE2, which is mainly distributed throughout the lungs, heart, kidneys, testes, and digestive tract [8,9]. SARS-CoV-2 transmission is mainly via droplets, followed by aerosol and fecal-oral transmission [10,11].
Intrapericardial inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in a 3-month-old infant associated with Coronavirus OC43 presenting with pericardial tamponade
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2020
Yasemin Nuran Donmez, Hayrettin Hakan Aykan, Diclehan Orhan, Recep Oktay Peker, Mustafa Yilmaz, Tevfik Karagoz
The aetiopathogenesis of IMT is unclear and controversial. An abnormal immune response owing to inflammation, injury and infection (e.g. EBV, CMV, human herpes virus 8) may be responsible for its pathogenesis [6]. Human Coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is of the Betacoronavirus family and may be responsible for flu-like symptoms, respiratory tract infections, pneumonia or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children [9]. This is the first case in which Coronavirus OC43 has been detected in a cardiac IMT; however, an association between viruses and their role in IMT has not yet been confirmed. It is speculated that, in the presence of infections such as Coronavirus, individuals with a genetic abnormality such as rearrangements of ALK gene, may be predisposed to develop IMT. Also, changes in the antiviral response by the immune system, either by suppression or aggravation of immune pathways, might be a factor in the development of IMT [4,6,10,11].