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Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Morales-Briceno Hugo, Victor S.C. Fung, Annu Aggarwal, Philip Thompson
Infectious or postinfectious SSPE.Arbovirus encephalitis.Herpes simplex encephalitis.Human T-lymphotropic virus 1.Whipple's disease.West Nile virus encephalitis.Postinfectious encephalopathy.Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
Immunomodulation in Gene Therapeutics
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Andreas Block, Susan S. Rich, Shu-Hsia Chen, Savio L. C. Woo
Certain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses can induce cancer. SV40 and polyoma DNA viruses encode similar proteins required for induction of malignant transformation. These virus-specific tumor antigens are shared regardless of tumor origin and species [29]. The RNA viruses integrate as proviruses into the host genomic DNA, producing infectious particles after induction with chemical carcinogens, ionizing radiation, or mutagens. The human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is known to be associated with the induction of adult T cell leukemia.
Involvement of Dopamine with Various Cancers
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Leukemia is the eleventh most common cancer worldwide, with more than 250,000 new cases diagnosed annually. Leukemia results from a malignant transformation of white blood cells (WBCs) or their precursors. Typically it entails clonal neoplastic proliferation of immature cells or blasts of the hematopoietic system, characterized by aberrant or arrested differentiation. The cause of most leukemias is unknown, but a combination of genetic factors and non-inherited environmental factors appear to play a role. Risk factors include smoking, ionizing radiation, certain chemicals (e.g., benzene), some chemotherapeutic agents, and infection with the human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) virus. Given the lack or deficiency of normal blood cells, symptoms may include bleeding and bruising, chronic fatigue, fever, and increased risk of infections (Figure 13.2). Diagnosis is made by blood tests and bone marrow biopsy. To identify the specific hematopoietic or lymphoid neoplasm, more testing is usually required, including immunophenotyping or genetic information to identify the specific histology. Treatments include a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplants.
Estimation of the doubling time and reproduction number for COVID-19
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Shamim Ahmed, Mohammad Shemanto, Hasin Azhari, Golam Zakaria
Many have used epidemic models to estimate the epidemiological features. However, calculating R0 accurately is a challenge. The complexity of R0 suggests estimating it more carefully (Delamater et al. 2019). He et al. (2020) conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the reported R0. Xu et al. (2020) estimated this metric by using maximum likelihood method. The study shows the time-varying estimation of the effective reproduction number (Rt) using the sequential Bayesian method. This measures the potential transmission capacity of the disease and intervention effect. Zhuang et al. (2020) modelled the transmission process with a stochastic model, and estimated R0. Khajanchi and Sarkar (2020) estimated R0 > 1 in India (neighboring country of Bangladesh) using their model. The basic reproduction number was derived by Khajanchi et al. (2021) for HTLV-I (Human T-lymphotropic virus 1) viral infection. Ullah et al. (2018) calculated R0 for TB (Tuberculosis) virus. Alzahrani et al. (2021) estimated R0 for Zika Virus. Since Td can be estimated directly from data and estimates of delays are relatively consistent, sophisticated models are not required to infer when action is urgent. Swati and Prakash (2020) demonstrated how to calculate and interpret the doubling time for infectious disease.
The role of Epstein-Barr virus in the etiology of multiple sclerosis: a current review
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2020
It should also be noted that rare neurological complications of viral infections are not unusual, e.g. poliomyelitis is a rare complication of poliovirus infection [67], subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare complication of measles virus infection [68], and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy is a rare complication of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infection [69]. Additionally, there are several diseases, such as endemic Burkitt lymphoma or post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, which are generally believed to represent rare complications of EBV infection, clearly suggesting that although being a ubiquitous virus, EBV infection can rarely be associated with the development of specific diseases [70]. Thus, the analogy to a number of similar and firmly established associations supports the concept of MS being a rare complication of EBV infection.
Escherichia coli: a rare cause of meningitis in immuno-competent adult
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2020
Maryam Zafar, Abubakar Tauseef, Muhammad Sohaib Asghar, Narmin Khan, Nabeeha Farooqui, Mustafa Dawood, Tanvir Alam, Durre Naman
The incidence of idiopathic community-acquired Escherichia Coli (E-Coli) meningitis in immune-competent adults is rare across the globe and a total of forty-five cases have been reported so far since 1945, making an average of less than one case per year [1]. The risk factors identified to develop E-Coli meningitis include diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, cirrhosis, HIV infection, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), chronic organ dysfunction in decreasing order of their associations [2,4]. Rarely, it is associated with human T-lymphotropic virus 1(HTLV-1), Marfan Syndrome, Hemochromatosis, myelodysplasia, and B-cell lymphoma. Previously, reports have shown that the source of its spread is from blood, urine, joint aspirate and ascitic fluid [2,4]. Retropharyngeal abscess [3,4] and neurosurgical intervention were also found to be the route of the entrance of E-Coli in few cases [4,5]. In 40% of the cases, the cause or source of its spread remained unknown as was shown in our patient [2]. E-Coli meningitis was found to be a disease in immunocompromised patients and the elderly age group [3]. E-coli being the most common pathogen in causing meningitis among the neonatal age group [6], It is one of the rare causes of meningitis in immune-competent adults as was seen in our patient.