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Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Immune Modulation in Viral Hepatitis, Schistosomiasis, and HTLV Infection
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Thomas F. Kresina, Garry A. Neil, Steven K. H. Foung
The utility of human monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic purposes is illustrated by our investigation to identify and characterize immunogenic domains of human T-lymphotropic type I and type II viruses (HTLV-1 and HTLV-11). These viruses are human retroviruses that are increasingly recognized as important pathogens. Human T-lymphotropic virus-I is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and a chronic neurological disorder termed HTLV-I-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) [37,38]. It has been also linked to uveitis and possibly to polymyositis. Although HTLV-II is structurally similar to HTLV-I, diseases associated with HTLV-II have been more difficult to identify and are just beginning to emerge. We and other investigators have recently [39–42] reported on patients with HAM/TSP-like illnesses who are seropositive for HTLV-II and whose peripheral blood lymphocytes were demonstrated to contain HTLV-II by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.
Multiple Sclerosis, Transverse Myelitis, Tropical Spastic Paraparesis, Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, Lyme Disease
Published in Jacques Corcos, Gilles Karsenty, Thomas Kessler, David Ginsberg, Essentials of the Adult Neurogenic Bladder, 2020
Michele Fascelli, Howard B. Goldman
Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is associated with and probably caused by the retrovirus human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1).74–76 HTLV-1 has an affinity for CD4 cells. It remains a common cause of paraparesis in the West Indies, in the Japanese southern islands, where it is called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), but it is also widely found in the tropics and subtropics.74–76
Pathophysiology of neurogenic detrusor overactivity
Published in Jacques Corcos, David Ginsberg, Gilles Karsenty, Textbook of the Neurogenic Bladder, 2015
Alexandra McPencow, Toby C. Chai
An ultrastructural electron microscopic study of the nerve fibers/axons in the lamina propria of NDO bladders has been published.20 These investigators measured nerve fiber dimensions in lamina propria of bladders from patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (a neurologic disease secondary to human T-lymphotropic virus [HTLV-1] infection also known as chronic progressive myelopathy), MS, and various spinal cord diseases. They found that nerve fiber diameter varied among these different neurologic conditions. This suggested an inconsistent change in nerve fiber sizes within the lamina propria in NGBs.
HTLV-I associated bronchioloalveolar disorder (HABA): disease concept and differential diagnosis of an unsolved disease entity
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Akihiro Ohmoto, Shigeo Fuji, Satoshi Kohmo, Kaoruko Katsura
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) or tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is most well-known non-neoplastic disease related to HTLV-1 infection, and is characterized by chronic inflammation of the spinal cord causing weakness or paralysis of the legs, lower back pain, and urinary symptoms [6]. Another complication of HTLV-1 is HTLV-1 uveitis, also known as HTLV-1-associated ocular disease, which is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells into the vitreous [7]. However, HAM/TSP and HTLV-1 uveitis are rare and non-lethal complications that do not sufficiently explain the significant impact of HTLV-1 infection on overall mortality. HTLV-1-associated bronchioloalveolar disorder (HABA) is an immune-mediated state induced by HTVL-1. Currently, we do not have adequate information regarding the incidence and clinical features of HABA. The disease concept is not solid, and there are no clinical guidelines. Furthermore, reports on HABA are limited and have been chiefly published by researchers from endemic areas including Japan. Therefore, international recognition and interest in HABA is expected to be deficient.
What is the potential of paramagnetic rim lesions as diagnostic indicators in multiple sclerosis?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Maria Sofia Martire, Lucia Moiola, Maria Assunta Rocca, Massimo Filippi, Martina Absinta
HTLV1-2-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM-TSP). The infection of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV) type 1 and 2 can rarely cause a slowly progressive myelopathy (1–3% of infected individuals). In areas endemic for HTLV1-2, differentiating HAM-TSP and primary progressive MS can be challenging. Although the spinal cord is primarily affected, the brain can present small inflammatory white matter lesions, often located in the deep white matter. Analysis of the brain lesions in 11 HAM-TSP patients [33,37] showed the presence of only one perivenular PRL and an average of 12.8% of perivenular lesions. Interestingly, high prevalence of leptomeningeal enhancement in the brain was seen in HAM-TSP patients (14/25 cases, 56%) [67]. HTLV1-2 viral detection in the blood and/or CSF is critical for the HAM-TSP diagnosis.
Potential value and impact of data mining and machine learning in clinical diagnostics
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2021
Maryam Saberi-Karimian, Zahra Khorasanchi, Hamideh Ghazizadeh, Maryam Tayefi, Sara Saffar, Gordon A. Ferns, Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
In relation to human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1), Coelho-dos-Reis et al. applied three data mining strategies (endpoint titer analysis, heatmap assemblage, and DT analysis) to define predictors for of the prognosis of HTLV-1 infection [71]. This study suggested that this combination of methods improved the differential diagnosis between asymptomatic and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients, with direct correlations to serum cytokine levels and proviral load [71]. With machine learning methods, Turk et al. showed that baseline CD4+ T-cell count emerged as the only variable able to predict the rapid progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [72]. Moreover, in a study to create a valid forecasting model for severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), Sui et al. applied and compared logistic regression, discriminant analysis, and DT algorithms to common laboratory parameter data [73]. The authors found that DT analysis had the best classification effect and common laboratory indexes, including eosinophil count, large cell count, chloride, globin, and middle cell count, were effectively used to distinguish mild and severe HFMD cases.