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Inflection points
Published in J. Michael Ryan, COVID-19, 2020
Significant challenges in the history of virology have been that until the invention of the electron microscope in the 1940s, viruses, unlike bacteria, were not visible. Viruses do not grow in a Petri dish, they only replicate in a living cell. A virus and its genome are small, about one-tenth the size of a bacterium; and due to the structure of viruses, modern antibiotics are ineffective. Science writer David Quammen (2012) explained that despite their small size, viruses are wily and effective, and the genome is “simplified down to the bare necessities for an opportunistic, dependent existence” (267). The tasks a virus must accomplish are getting from one host to another, penetrating a cell within the host, commandeering the cell’s machinery to reproduce multiple copies of itself, and exiting one host, entering another, and surviving.
Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of coronavirus disease: a review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Manoj Kumar Sarangi, Sasmita Padhi, Shrivardhan Dheeman, Santosh Kumar Karn, L. D. Patel, Dong Kee Yi, Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
In this review, we discuss SARS-CoV-2 with respect to history, epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, mode of entry into the host, genomic variations, transmission patterns, and proteomics as well as the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of COVID-19. Next, we summarize the current knowledge on important pathways activated during SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly focusing on the application of nanotechnology to prevent and control disease spread. This review underscores the need for investment in healthcare systems, community-driven response mechanisms, global health preparedness, and security [13].