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Inflammatory diseases affecting the spinal cord
Published in Milosh Perovitch, Radiological Evaluation of the Spinal Cord, 2019
Other parasitic diseases that may involve the spinal cord are rarely the subject of radiologic examinations. In paragonimiasis, a diffuse spreading of the inflammatory tissue can occur in the epidural space, or there may exist a formation of a larger granulomatous mass, often calcified, which may compress the subarachnoid space. Gnathostomiasis begins in an acute way with severe pain over the trunk or extremities followed by paralysis or sensory loss. The presence of hemorrhage in the subarachnoid space, in the brain, and in the ventricles is common. The spinal cord is affected by extensive necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions.70
Water-based disease and microbial growth *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Charles P. Gerba, Gordon L. Nichols
Gnathostoma spp. are nematode worms (helminths) that have a life cycle involving the water flea Cyclops, fish or frogs and carnivorous animals. Humans are usually infected through consuming infected fish or frogs in an uncooked state. Gnathostomiasis is rarely reported in travelers, although the disease remains a major public health problem in Southeast Asia. The disease presents as a creeping eruption and Quincke’s edema (slowly migrating erythema with pruritus). Six species are thought to cause human gnathostomiasis: G. hispidum, G. binucleatum, G. doloresi, G. nipponicum, G. malaysiae and G. spinigerum, which is the species most commonly infecting humans.
Gnathostoma
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
O. Sanpool, P.M. Intapan, David Blair, Yukifumi Nawa, W. Maleewong
Gnathostomiasis is a harmful foodborne helminthic zoonosis caused by the migration of the Gnathostoma worm. In this chapter, we reviewed the biology, epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and control of gnathostomiasis. Gnathostoma spinigerum, G. doloresi, G. hispidum, G. nipponicum, G. malaysiae, and G. binucleatum have all been reported as causing human disease. Gnathostoma spinigerum is common in Asia, while G. binucleatum is the main causative agent of gnathosomiasis in the Americas. Advanced L3 larvae are the infective stage for humans, ingested with raw or improperly cooked meat contaminated with them. More than 40 species of fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and small mammals act as intermediate and paratenic hosts. Human gnathostomiasis commonly presents with a migratory swelling syndrome: vital organs might be infected, resulting in death or serious symptoms. Infection by skin penetration of larvae while handling contaminated flesh, and transplacental transmission, are possible. Diagnosis is dependent on identification of Gnathostoma worms recovered from patients, clinical manifestations, and serological tests. Albendazole or ivermectin have been used for the treatment, but their efficacy remains uncertain. Proper cooking of food is the best means of prevention. Gnathostomiasis cases have been increasing among international travelers returning from endemic countries. Clinicians in nonendemic areas therefore need to be aware of the clinical features of gnathostomiasis for early diagnosis and treatment. There are clear needs for research on rapid diagnostic tests, effective therapy, and evaluation of drug efficacy. Proteomic studies will assist the search for candidate proteins for diagnosis and vaccine/drug design and may provide better understanding of the host-parasite relationship in human gnathostomiasis.175
Role of Ultra-Wide-Field Imaging in the Diagnosis of Intravitreal Gnathostomiasis: A Case Report
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2019
Parveen Sen, Parthopratim Dutta Majumder, Jyotirmay Biswas, Chetan Rao, Kalpita Das
Gnathostomiasis is a food-borne helminthic infection commonly reported in Southeast Asia.1 Intraocular involvement especially intravitreal invasion by this parasite is relatively rare, but reported in literature.1 The exact route of entry into the human eye is poorly understood and localization of the larvae of the parasite is often a challenge for the treating ophthalmologists. When not discovered on fundus examination clinically, various other investigations like ultrasound biomicroscopy2 and more recently spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging3 have been done to locate the parasite.
Intracameral Gnathostomiasis: A Case Report and Literature Review
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Wijak Kongwattananon, Thanaporn Wiriyabanditkul, Waraluck Supwatjariyakul, Thanapong Somkijrungroj
Human gnathostomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by nematode in the genus Gnathostoma. The disease is endemic mainly in Southeast Asia and Latin America.1 Humans become accidental hosts by consuming undercooked freshwater fish, poultry, or frogs infected by the third-stage larvae.2 After ingestion, the larvae often migrates from the intestine to other organs, resulting in pathologies.3 Cutaneous gnathostomiasis is the most common manifestation in human and can present with localized pain, pruritis, and erythema. It also has been reported to precede ocular symptoms.4