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Entamoeba histolytica
Published in Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta, Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
William A. Petri, Jonathan I. Ravdin
Residents of developed countries who travel to endemic areas are also at risk for acquiring amebiasis. Amebiasis is more common in long-term visitors to an endemic area, although a short stay is not without risk. Of 216 German travelers who developed amebic liver abscess, one-third had been in an endemic area less than 6 weeks, while 36% had been exposed from 6 weeks to 10 years, and 30%, for longer than 10 years (30). These German citizens had acquired their infection in the Far East (45%), tropical Africa (42%), the Mideast (17%), South America (8%), subtropical Africa (4%), and Europe (4%) (30). Travelers with amebiasis diagnosed at the Roslagslitt Hospital in Stockholm over a 10-year period were predominantly long-term visitors (177/215 patients); 26% acquired their infection in Central and South America, 37% in Asia, and 25% in Africa (28). Travelers will usually manifest symptoms of liver invasion within a half year of their return. Of 103 travelers who returned initially symptom free, 95% developed symptoms of a liver abscess within 8-20 weeks (29). Traveler's diarrhea is usually caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and is rarely due to amebiasis (31,32).
Giardia outbreaks on Ship
Published in Meera Chand, John Holton, Case Studies in Infection Control, 2018
Elizabeth Sheridan, Allan Johnson, Nabila Mughal
Water aboard ships is always transported by way of water tanks and complex distribution systems and may additionally be used recreationally in swimming pools and spas. A range of pathogens can cause infections, which usually occur following ingestion of either contaminated water or ice or by contact with water through bathing or swimming. Infections also may occur through inhalation of aerosols. Of these infections, 86% of outbreaks were associated with passenger ships, and, in 57% of those cases, water or ice was confirmed as the source and was additionally suspected in 33% of cases. One-third of outbreaks were attributed to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), however other species such as Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Cryptosporidium, norovirus, and Giardia were also documented. In 81% of outbreaks, contributing factors were identifiable and the documented outbreak associated with Giardia resulted from contaminated water loaded onto a ship and inadequate disinfection.
Pediatrics and Child Health
Published in Akshaya Neil Arya, Preparing for International Health Experiences, 2017
Diarrhea, the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day, usually results from a viral, bacterial or parasitic infection of the intestinal tract. These infections are spread more commonly in LMICs or low-resourced settings, particularly where sanitation measures and hygiene resources are often limited, either through contaminated food, drinking water or person-to-person. The most common etiologic agents of diarrheal disease of children in LMICs are rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus, Giardia, Cryptosporidium (in immunocompromised host), Campylobacter, Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (ETEC) and Salmonella (WHO, 2013a; Walker et al., 2013) though in one recent large cohort of sub-Saharan African children Campylobacter, Shigella and ETEC were found without the traditionally expected bloody stools (dysentery) (Pernica et al., 2015).
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: intestinal pathogenesis mechanisms and colonization resistance by gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Yucheng Zhang, Peng Tan, Ying Zhao, Xi Ma
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the major enteric pathogen that account for the tens of millions of diarrheal disease each year.1 Children under 5 years are susceptible to ETEC, particularly in endemic areas, which was responsible for an estimated 100 million diarrhea episodes and 60,000 deaths in 2015.1,2 ETEC is also the key etiology for traveler’s diarrhea that affects travelers visiting low-income regions of the world, and approximately one-third of all traveler’s diarrhea patients seeking medical care were diagnosed with gastrointestinal disturbance.3 ETEC infection is caused by ingestion of contaminated food and water in developing countries, where lack the infrastructure to supply clean drinking water and disposal of excrement. Previous study has shown that ETEC can survive in feces for more than half a year, and generally occur in water in the form of biofilms which provides a greater potential to survive.4 (Figure 1) In low-income regions, infrastructure and sanitation associated to people’s health are difficult to dramatically improve in a short period of time, the risk of diarrhea caused by ETEC is hard to be effectively controlled.
A bovine lactoferricin-lactoferrampin-encoding Lactobacillus reuteri CO21 regulates the intestinal mucosal immunity and enhances the protection of piglets against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 challenge
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Weichun Xie, Liying Song, Xueying Wang, Yigang Xu, Zengsu Liu, Dongfang Zhao, Shubo Wang, Xiaolong Fan, Zhaorui Wang, Chong Gao, Xiaona Wang, Li Wang, Xinyuan Qiao, Han Zhou, Wen Cui, Yanping Jiang, Yijing Li, Lijie Tang
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in man and animal. ETEC infections are the leading cause of travelers’ diarrhea and a major cause of diarrhea in developing nations, where it can be life-threatening among children.1,2 Gut microbes play important roles in host health and disease throughout life, particularly in infancy. The colonization of intestinal flora in infancy is a critical period for the formation of intestinal flora, which will affect the future growth and health of the body.3 The beneficial intestinal microflora not only helps in the digestion of food compounds but also reduces the potential of pathogen colonization in the guts.4 Many researchers have demonstrated that early intervention with desirable probiotics may help to establish a stable bacterial ecology and improve immunological development in the early life of human and animals.5 However, an important factor to consider is that probiotic properties are strain dependent, and it is not common to find microorganisms with multiple probiotic properties.6 Thus, using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to produce the desired protein has become a new focus of research.7,8
Multi-targeted properties of the probiotic saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (ETEC) H10407 pathogenesis across human gut models
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Charlène Roussel, Kim De Paepe, Wessam Galia, Jana de Bodt, Sandrine Chalancon, Sylvain Denis, Françoise Leriche, Pascal Vandekerkove, Nathalie Ballet, Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot, Tom Van de Wiele
The number of diarrheal diseases related to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) amounts to 44 million cases annually and represents one of the leading causes of morbidity in countries or regions with limited access to resources, such as safe drinking water1. ETEC is also one of the most frequent bacterial causes of diarrhea for people traveling in damp tropical regions, including military personnel deployed in these areas.2,3 Sporadically, such infections extend to industrialized nations of temperate regions.4 ETEC virulence is initiated by a large set of colonization factors and adhesins (e.g., CFA/I, FimH) mediating attachment to the intestinal epithelial cells in distal part of the small intestine. The subsequent release of heat labile (LT) and/or heat stable (ST) enterotoxins leads to the onset of profuse watery diarrhea and consecutive dehydration.5