China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Enterococci are part of the commensal gut flora. The clinically relevant enterococci which may cause infections are Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis (see Chapter 2.1 for how commensal flora may cause disease). Commensal Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis are sensitive to glycopeptides. Since the 1980s, vancomycin resistance is increasingly found in hospital-acquired infections caused by E. faecium and E. faecalis. They are referred to as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Because the predominant VREs are also resistant to teicoplanin, another term used is glycopeptide-resistant enterococci. Although enterococci are low-virulent organisms, VRE infections have been associated with complicated treatment courses and increased mortality. Although this may in part be attributable to underlying medical conditions of patients who are at risk of VRE infections, it is worthwhile to consider the following.
Oral Health
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Ana Moura Teles, José Manuel Cabeda
In primary infections, predominant taxa detected include species of Peptostreptococcus, Parvimonasmicra, Filifactoralocis, and P. alactolyticus, and species of Dialister, F. nucleatum, T. denticola, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, Prevotella baroniae, P. intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Bacteroidaceae [G-1] HOT272 (Siqueira and Rocas 2009). Enterococcus faecalis was detected, but in lower levels. However, in retreatment cases advocated for secondary or persistent endodontic infections, the predominant taxa include Enterococcus species such as E. faecalis, Parvimonas micra, Filifactor alocis, P. alactolyticus, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus anginosus, and Propionibacterium propionicum (Aw 2016; Krishnan et al. 2017).
Erythromycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Erythromycin is active against organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (including beta-lactamase-producing strains) and coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus pyogenes, Groups B, C, and G streptococci, S. pneumoniae, S. viridans, and Streptococcus bovis. Enterococcus faecalis is somewhat less susceptible. Nutritionally variant strains of streptococci are usually sensitive. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of erythromycin for 90% of these organisms in one series were 0.13 and 2.0 mg/L, respectively (Gephart and Washington, 1982). Most hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains have now acquired resistance to macrolides.
Antagonistic interaction between two key endodontic pathogens Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Doudou Xiang, Pu-Ting Dong, Lujia Cen, Batbileg Bor, Renate Lux, Wenyuan Shi, Qing Yu, Xuesong He, Tingxi Wu
Many studies have characterized microbes associated with primary and secondary infections and established that they harbor distinct microbial communities [1–3]. Based on current knowledge, Fusobacterium nucleatum is mainly associated with primary endodontic infection, and often detected in high prevalence and high abundance [3–9]. While the prevalence of F. nucleatum in secondary infection remains relatively high, its abundance drops markedly [8,10,11]. In contrast, Enterococcus faecalis is rarely detected in primary infection, but during secondary infection, its prevalence increases to 20–77% in general while its abundance could be as high as 90% [8,11–15]. These intriguing findings promoted us to investigate the potential interaction between F. nucleatum and E. faecalis in the current study.
Enterococcus hirae infections in the clinical practice
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Daniele Piccinini, Enos Bernasconi, Caroline Di Benedetto, Gladys Martinetti Lucchini, Marco Bongiovanni
Recently in this journal the incidence and risk factors for development of enterococcal bloodstream infection was evaluated on a population basis. The disease occurred predominantly in older adults with co-morbidity, and cancer in particular [1]. As compared with Enterococcus faecalis, patients with E. faecium were more likely to be of hospital-onset and more likely to have an intra-absominant/pelvic focus. We here add information on E. hirus, a third enterococcal species which is only rarely reported in human infection. Enterococcus hirae, which was first identified in 1985 [2], is a well-documented cause of infections in animals (e.g. diarrhoea in rats, endocarditis in chickens, mastitis in cattle, cholangitis and pancreatitis in cats, septicaemia in birds), but human infections are relatively rare, ranging from 0.4% to 3.03% of all enterococcal infections according to the latest studies [3]. In particular, pyelonephritis, infective endocarditis and biliary tract infections due to E. hirae have been reported in the past [4–9]; although E. hirae has been found to cause severe diseases in humans, few cases have been reported to date due to the difficult in identifying the bacteria, and the lack of comprehensive reports on clinical characteristics and treatments [10].
Hurdle technology based on the use of microencapsulated pepsin, trypsin and carvacrol to eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis biofilms
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Samah Mechmechani, Adem Gharsallaoui, Khaled El Omari, Alexandre Fadel, Monzer Hamze, Nour-Eddine Chihib
The operating environments in the food and medical sectors allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces, resulting in the potential development of resistant pathogenic bacterial biofilms. These pathogenic structures are involved in several foodborne diseases and health-care associated infections (Hall-Stoodley et al. 2004; Alav et al. 2018). Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become an important model organism in the study of bacterial biofilm formation. This bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen for humans that can induce life-threatening infections in patients who have compromised immune systems (Moradali et al. 2017). In addition, the implication of P. aeruginosa in food spoilage has been reported (Raposo et al. 2016). Enterococcus faecalis is another opportunistic biofilm-forming pathogenic bacterium. It can survive under arduous conditions, including high concentrations of salt and a wide range of temperatures (10 °C to 45 °C) (Arias and Murray 2012). E. faecalis is widely spread in nature and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans, animals and insects. It is a good indicator of faecal contamination of water and food. In addition, this bacterium can cause health-care associated infections (Tornero et al. 2014; Shridhar and Dhanashree 2019).