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An Introduction to Parasitism
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Parasites have remarkably diverse modes of existence and can be classified by where they live, how they live, what they do to the host, how they are transmitted and their size. Ectoparasites live on the external surface of their hosts, whereas endoparasites reside in the host’s body. Within their hosts, some parasites live intracellularly and some are found in extracellular habitats like the gut or blood. Trophically transmitted parasites are passed to their next host after ingestion by an initial host. Obligatory parasites require a suitable host to complete their life cycle; most parasites are obligate parasites. Facultative parasites are typically free-living, but they can adopt a parasitic existence. Opportunistic parasites take advantage of particular circumstances to cause infection in a host that they normally do not infect or in which they normally do not cause disease. Hyperparasites exploit other parasites. Microparasites are small and have rapid generation times as compared to their hosts and as it is difficult to quantify the number of microparasites within a host, their numbers are assessed by mathematical models. Macroparasites are larger parasites, such as worms, ticks, or fleas and can be counted. A parasitoid is an organism that spends a significant amount of time attached to or within a single host (often sterilizing, killing, or consuming it) and after leaving the host often has a free-living period of existence.
Considering Tin as a Vital Nutrient
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
Various endoparasites also succumb to organotin intoxication when the host is orally administered. This includes Leishmania306 and intestinal flukes.307 Several low molecular weight materials show chemosterilant effects as well as insecticidal activity.308 Insecticidal activity may well depend on the capability of a given organotin to cross the digestive barrier. For instance, TBTF is active against mosquitoes, tabanids, simulium species, and Trichoptera (stone flies), but shows little toxicity to other aquatic grazers such as Ephemeropta, Plecoptera, and Coleptera.309
Greco-Roman medicine
Published in Lois N. Magner, Oliver J. Kim, A History of Medicine, 2017
Therefore, despite unprecedented efforts to improve water quality and sanitation, the people of the Roman Empire carried a high burden of parasites. Roman civilization featured well-engineered aqueducts, fountains, piped water, bath houses, toilets, multi-seat public latrines, drains, sewers, and laws that required the removal of human waste from cities. Unfortunately, these achievements did not eliminate the heavy burden of parasitic infections. Among the endoparasites (parasites that live within the body) recently identified in the ruins of Roman cities were whipworms, roundworms, and protozoa known to cause dysentery. These parasites are typically spread by fecal contamination of foods. Human waste removed from the cities was used as fertilizer and food was prepared by people with unclean hands. The water in the public baths was probably another source of parasitic infestations. Fish tapeworm was also common, probably because of the popularity of garum, a fermented, uncooked fish sauce used as a condiment. Scientists can identify parasitic worms because components of their bodies remain in latrine soil, coprolites, and graves for thousands of years. The pesky vermin known as ectoparasites—fleas, head lice, body lice, pubic lice, and bed bugs—were not uncommon. Delousing combs, euphemistically known as fine-toothed combs, were a necessity.
Synthesis and therapeutic delivery approaches for praziquantel: a patent review (2010-present)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
Tayo A. Adekiya, Pradeep Kumar, Pierre P.D. Kondiah, Viness Pillay, Yahya E. Choonara
US8241669B2 described the preparation method for an endoparasiticidal gel composition of moxidectin and praziquantel for the effective treatment and control of external and internal parasites in homeothermic animals and livestock. This invention formulation was achieved using composition that contains the mixture of about 10% to 15% (w/w) of praziquantel; approximately 1% to 3.5% (w/w) of moxidectin; about 1% to 20% (w/w) surfactant; about 1% to 34% (w/w) of ethanol; about 35% to 61% (w/w) of an oil; about 4% to 24% (w/w) of benzyl alcohol and about 2% to 15% (w/w) colloidal silicon dioxide. This veterinary gel composition possesses a wide spectrum of efficacy against endoparasites for a longer period of time and allows higher concentrations of parasiticidal agents mixture in a single application. This was noticed in the efficacy analysis that was carried out in 26 new forest cross male ponies of about 1 to 2 years of age which was infected with Gasterophilus spp. and A. perfoliate in South West England [39]. Another similar invention, which described the gel formulation of praziquantel for the treatment of endoparasitic infection in livestock animals was patented in U.S. Patent 6,893,652 [40].
Imbalance of the intestinal virome and altered viral-bacterial interactions caused by a conditional deletion of the vitamin D receptor
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Jilei Zhang, Yongguo Zhang, Yinglin Xia, Jun Sun
The BRL veterinary staff monitors the health status of the institution’s rodent colonies through a dirty bedding sentinel program. Sentinel animals within a room are exposed weekly to dirty bedding from a designated section of research animal cages. Dirty bedding sentinels are most effective at detecting pathogens transmitted primarily by fecal-oral contamination. This method of health surveillance detects agents without the need to directly test research animals. Sentinel animals are tested quarterly for murine pathogens including endo and ectoparasites. The information obtained from sentinel animal health assessments is used for the early detection of a disease outbreak, to generate health reports for animals being exported, and to maintain a high level of quality control within animal rooms and facilities. The personal protective equipment for operators and strategies for the animals to maintain biosecurity within the UIC animal facilities were followed according to the animal facility guidelines.93
Non‐pharmaceutical treatment options for meibomian gland dysfunction
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2020
Lid hygiene is also thought to be important because of the association of Demodex mites with MGD.2018 Long‐term practice of lid hygiene is necessary in individuals with Demodex infestation as it is a chronic condition that requires chronic therapy. Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis are thought to be the most common ectoparasites in humans. In the eye, D. folliculorum is found preferentially in the lash follicles and D. brevis in lash sebaceous glands.1981 There is a strong association between ocular demodicosis and ocular surface inflammatory conditions such as blepharitis, chalazia, and keratitis as well as MGD.2019 The pathogenesis of Demodex infestation has remained unclear;2000 however, this is in part because demodicosis has a high age‐dependent prevalence and is present frequently in asymptomatic individuals.2010