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The Ecology of Parasitism
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Examination of hosts with defective grooming ability indicates the importance of grooming. Impala (Aepyceros melampus) prevented from normal grooming by wearing a neck harness harbored 20 times more female ticks than individuals wearing control harnesses that did not interfere with grooming. Also, the extent to which ectoparasites congregate on areas of a host’s body not easily reached by grooming activities is another indication of grooming’s obvious deterrent effect. The elaboration of particular devices or behaviors to enable parasite removal is noteworthy. Among them is the toothcomb (Figure 6.28B), a modification of the lower incisors of lemurs and some antelopes to comb the pelage to remove ectoparasites.
Diagnosing Parasitic Infections
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Parasites can be classified as protozoa, helminths (worms) and ectoparasites. Protozoa are unicellular organisms and can be broadly divided into intestinal and luminal protozoa such as Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. and blood- and tissue-dwelling protozoa such as malaria, Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas) and Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness). Helminths are multicellular organisms and are associated with intestinal infections or tissue infections. They can be divided into nematodes (Ascaris spp., Strongyloides stercoralis and hook worm), trematodes or flukes (Schistosoma spp., Fasciola hepatica, Paragonimus westermani) and cestodes (Taenia spp. and Hymenolepis nana). Ectoparasites are also multicellular organisms that infest the skin and feed on it. Examples of ectoparasites are scabies, myiasis, tungiasis, fleas and lice.
Greco-Roman medicine
Published in Lois N. Magner, Oliver J. Kim, A History of Medicine, 2017
Therefore, despite unprecedented efforts to improve water quality and sanitation, the people of the Roman Empire carried a high burden of parasites. Roman civilization featured well-engineered aqueducts, fountains, piped water, bath houses, toilets, multi-seat public latrines, drains, sewers, and laws that required the removal of human waste from cities. Unfortunately, these achievements did not eliminate the heavy burden of parasitic infections. Among the endoparasites (parasites that live within the body) recently identified in the ruins of Roman cities were whipworms, roundworms, and protozoa known to cause dysentery. These parasites are typically spread by fecal contamination of foods. Human waste removed from the cities was used as fertilizer and food was prepared by people with unclean hands. The water in the public baths was probably another source of parasitic infestations. Fish tapeworm was also common, probably because of the popularity of garum, a fermented, uncooked fish sauce used as a condiment. Scientists can identify parasitic worms because components of their bodies remain in latrine soil, coprolites, and graves for thousands of years. The pesky vermin known as ectoparasites—fleas, head lice, body lice, pubic lice, and bed bugs—were not uncommon. Delousing combs, euphemistically known as fine-toothed combs, were a necessity.
The protective effect of chrysin against oxidative stress and organ toxicity in rats exposed to propetamphos
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Muhammet Yasin Tekeli, Latife Çakır Bayram, Gökhan Eraslan, Zeynep Soyer Sarıca
Propetamphos is a class II moderately toxic compound (EPA 2000, Gupta and Milatovic 2012). Propetamphos is a vinyl organophosphate insecticide, which is effective against a wide range of home pests, including cockroaches, flies, spiders and mosquitoes. It is also used against ectoparasites such as scabies mites, worm flies, ticks and lice (Dix et al. 1992, Garfitt et al. 2002). Similar to other organophosphate insecticides, propetamphos irreversibly inhibits the activity of acetyl cholinesterase, and thus, causes the accumulation of acetylcholine in neuromuscular junctions, postganglionic nerve endings in smooth muscles, and all autonomic ganglia and cholinergic synapses of the central nervous system (Gupta and Milatovic 2012, Milatovic 2017). Thereby, neurological and neuromuscular effects are observed. Clinical findings of intoxication, which are classified as muscarinic, nicotinic and central effects, are observed (Tang et al. 2006, Milatovic 2017).
Vaccinomics: a future avenue for vaccine development against emerging pathogens
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
José de la Fuente, Marinela Contreras
Future directions include the generation and integration of new omics datasets including single-cell multi omics platforms [98,99] and translational biotechnology [77] to further advance quantum vaccinomics. The combination of glycan-type and amino acid-type immunological quantum needs to be further investigated for the generation of effective multi-epitope vaccines for the control of multiple pathogens [14,77,87]. These antigens in combination with new vaccine production platforms and technologies [60,91–95] will provide the possibility of generating personalized, safe, and efficacious vaccines for the control of infectious diseases. It is still to be proven, the proposal of using arthropod ectoparasites as vaccine vectors may be explored for the control of vector-borne diseases [77].
Evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in foodstuff of animal origin from middle governorates of Jordan in 2018 and 2019 using GC-ECD
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi, Rana Keewan, Nizar A. Haddad
Organochlorine pesticides are used globally and in Jordan to control agricultural and public health insects (Herrera et al.1994, Santillo et al.2004, AlAntary et al.2015, Pine and Nuro 2016). In public health, they were applied in control programs to prevent malaria disease and in livestock to control ectoparasites. These chemicals are characterized by their persistence, stability, and high accumulation ability in the fatty tissues. Pesticides application might cause drift to the nearby areas for animal grazing or cultivated and non-cultivated growing plants. These persistent pollutants might reach the lipid tissues in the animals through the food chain, and then circulate in the body and accumulate in the adipose fat tissues (Muccio 1996, Rekha and Naik 2006, Dark and Acquah 2007, Alawi et al.2015, Singh et al.2015, AlAntary et al.2018). The misuse of pesticides on agricultural pests and vectors of animal and human diseases causes pesticide residues particularly organochlorines which are able to accumulate in the fat tissues when transporting through various food chains (AlAntary et al.2018).