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Intelligent Data Analysis Techniques
Published in Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam, Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam
In a disease X, a patient can be in four states: dead-state, sick-state, recovering-state and healthy-state. The patient is being administered drug every single logical unit of time. From the sick-state, he can go to dead-state with a probability 0.1 and to the recovering-state with a probability 0.9. From the recovering-state, he can go to the dead-state with a probability 0.02, to the sick-state with a probability 0.18 and the healthy-state with a probability 0.8. Assume that the initial state is a sick-state with probability 0.1 or healthy-state with probability 0.9. Draw a graph showing the Markov process and give the corresponding initial matrix and the transition-matrix. Represent the transition-matrix as an array of linked-lists.
Medical Error as a Collaborative Learning Tool
Published in Fritz Allhoff, Sandra L. Borden, Ethics and Error in Medicine, 2019
There are two ways I believe these defeaters could contribute to medical error. The first is if we overlook a defeater for some belief. This can happen if we realize (on our own or with the help of others) that we have likely missed reasons for rejecting a conclusion. For example, the physician above decided that their patient has Disease X because of the tests that they ordered. We can imagine that their resources might have been different if they were at an urban hospital, rather than a rural hospital. At an urban hospital they might have had access to additional tests. At a rural hospital these additional tests are overlooked not due to any physician negligence. Rather, they are overlooked due to a restriction to access that many rural hospitals face. Thus, the physician in this case very likely could have come to a different conclusion depending on where they are stationed, urban or rural.
Non-Inferiority Trial
Published in Susan Halabi, Stefan Michiels, Textbook of Clinical Trials in Oncology, 2019
One of the theoretical issues in selecting C arises in the context of the so-called “bio-creep” [4,8,16], i.e., after a series of non-inferiority trials in which each new drug meets the pre-specified NI criteria, but is in fact slightly worse than the previous control, eventually, an ineffective or even potentially harmful therapy may falsely be deemed efficacious, but be selected as the control in new trials. For example, suppose A, B, and D are three different drugs. Let us consider the following scenario: Drug A is a proven efficacious drug for disease X versus a placebo control.Drug B is shown to be non-inferior to drug A.Drug D is shown to be non-inferior to drug B.
COVID-19 Smart Diagnosis in the Emergency Department: all-in in Practice
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Dimitra S. Mouliou, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
Heretofore, for the first time is a pandemic monitored and managed through such testing strategies. After almost a year and a half of COVID-19 pandemic, the several case reports of falsely tested cases have revealed that physicians are far away from the real tests’ capacity and general diagnostic performance. Considering that these are the decades of multiplexed and rapid testing assays, emergency physicians should be familiar with such methods and their diagnostic amplitude, and prevent some potential misdiagnosis, for a better and on-the-spot response to COVID-19 cases. May the following epidemics, pandemic or the so-called ‘Disease X’, in the near future, be diagnosed with these new testing strategies; emergency physicians should be aware of the causes of false diagnosis, as long as the reasons for a false test result are the same in all pathogens, as in SARS-CoV-2.
COVID-19 pandemic and mental health in Lebanon: a cross-sectional study
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2021
Radwan El Othman, Elsie Touma, Rola El Othman, Chadia Haddad, Rabih Hallit, Sahar Obeid, Pascale Salameh, Souheil Hallit
In the light of the devastating repercussions of past outbreaks on humankind namely Ebola, MERS-CoV and SARS viruses, the WHO developed a new entity in 2018 called «disease X» with an intent to anticipate and prepare the world for a future pandemic (Huremović 2019). However, little importance is accorded to the psycho-social impact of pandemics even though their deleterious effect may persist way beyond a given outbreak. After all, pandemics are not only of biological importance but also have a psychological dimension at population level. Eventually the COVID-19 outbreak will cease but its repercussions on mental health will be evident. Psychoeducation along with providing evidence-based information and facilitating communication with experts in the field are needed to help vulnerable populations and to avoid a mental illness epidemic.
Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and disease enhancement – knowns and unknowns
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Raphaël M. Zellweger, T. Anh Wartel, Florian Marks, Manki Song, Jerome H. Kim
In February 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) enriched its Blueprint list of priority diseases with ‘Disease X’, an as-yet-unknown pathogen that could potentially cause a serious international epidemic [1]. Less than two years later, Disease X materialized in the form of SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus (CoV) causing the current COVID-19 pandemic. Five months after the first cases in China, there were 6,722,408 confirmed cases, including 393,933 deaths, in 188 countries (as of 6 June 2020) [2]. The spread of COVID-19 has already impacted the world in an extraordinary way, prompting unprecedented control measures that profoundly disrupt daily lives for millions (if not billions) of individuals. Measures to mitigate the spread of the virus come at a high economic and societal cost. At present, countries around the world are still partly paralyzed by social restrictions and lockdowns, a dramatic reduction in air travel, a plummeting global economy, and health systems staggering under the burden of hospitalization and death. Therefore, the world is rushing for a vaccine to curb this pandemic. However, developing a vaccine against a novel and highly transmissible pathogen (for which knowledge is still emerging) in an accelerated framework poses unique challenges.