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Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952)
Published in Andrew P. Wickens, Key Thinkers in Neuroscience, 2018
After leaving Cambridge, Sherrington’s career took a varied course. In the winter of 1884, he joined Friedrich Goltz in Strasbourg where he continued his investigations into nerve tract degeneration following cortical damage. At this point, however, it seems that Sherrington was more interested in infectious diseases, and in the summer of 1885, he took advantage of an opportunity to investigate a cholera epidemic in Spain, where according to some sources he met Ramón y Cajal for the first time.1 After visiting Italy where another cholera outbreak had occurred, Sherrington worked for a short period in Berlin under the great cellular pathologist Rudolf Virchow and then for a few months with the bacteriologist Robert Koch. This was to prove a valuable experience for Sherrington, who was later able to develop a diphtheria vaccine in 1894, which he used to save the life of his young nephew. In 1887, Sherrington returned home and began a lectureship in physiology at St Thomas’s Hospital where he started to take a greater interest in brain pathology.
The Return Of The Reflex
Published in Andrew P. Wickens, A History of the Brain, 2014
After completing his medical studies at St Thomas’s, Sherrington moved to Strasbourg where he spent a year in Goltz’s laboratory examining the effects of motor cortex damage. Around the same time, Sherrington was also asked by two British societies to investigate cholera outbreaks then taking place in Spain and Italy. After establishing a further expertise in infectious diseases, Sherrington was able to follow this up by working with the eminent pathologist Rudolf Virchow, and bacteriologist Robert Koch, in Berlin. It proved a highly productive time for Sherrington who was able to develop a diphtheria vaccine, which he was forced to use in 1894 to save the life of his seven-year-old nephew. Near the end of his life, Sherrington would proudly write to a friend, that the young boy had grown to be six feet in height, and distinguished himself by serving with distinction in the First World War.
Information on level of drugs into breastmilk
Published in Wendy Jones, Breastfeeding and Medication, 2013
Two types of poliomyelitis vaccine are available: inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (for injection in combination with diphtheria vaccine) and live (oral) poliomyelitis vaccine. Administration of oral poliovirus vaccine to nursing infants is less effective if it is given the neonatal period, due to maternal antibodies in colostrum and breastmilk (WHO 1995; Zaman et al. 1991). However, breastfeeding does not interfere with the infant's response to oral polio vaccine, when given at the normal scheduled times (Kim-Farley et al. 1982; John et al. 1976). There is no evidence of risk from vaccinating pregnant women or those who are breastfeeding with inactivated viral or 295
Is hepatitis-B immunization effective during chronic liver fibrosis? Investigation of secretory and cellular immune responses on an experimental model
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2023
Başak Kayhan, Zeynal Mete Karaca, Esra Canpolat, Veysel Ersan, Mehmet Gül, Saim Yologlu, Sezai Yılmaz
There are several factors that influence the immune response after vaccination such as age, gender, genetics, co-morbidities, perinatal host factors, extrinsic factors, preexisting immunity, behavioral factors, nutritional factors, environmental factors, and administration factors [4,9]. Among them, comorbidities include chronic conditions not only in childhood but also adult periods. Adults with chronic renal failure who are on hemodialysis have lower antibody responses to diphtheria, tetanus [10], and hepatitis-B vaccination [11–13], with faster decrease of specific antibody levels. In clinical practice, such a problem is overcome either by changing the route of administration (preferably via intradermal) or by administrating tetanus toxoid (TT) together with the vaccine. A clinical study was conducted by Sönmez et al. on hemodialysis patients who did not respond to three doses of hepatitis B vaccine. They observed that simultaneous administration of hepatitis B vaccine (S2SRHB)+TT is remarkably effective in inducing antibodies in non-responders and they concluded that S2RHB + TT vaccination protocol is more effective than following an additional S2RHB vaccine protocol [11]. In the study of Haghighat et al. on 140 healthcare workers who had a low response to the vaccine, the subjects were divided into two groups as control and interventional group. While HBV vaccine was given to the control and interventional groups, tetanus-diphtheria vaccine was administered to the interventional group after HBV vaccine. As a result, they observed that, while the anti-HBs level increased 12 times in the control group, it increased significantly 18 times in the tetanus-diphtheria group [14].
Effectiveness of booster dose of tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) vaccine in management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a prospective, randomized, triple-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Shahram Habibzadeh, Mehdi Sheikh Rahimi, Hasan Edalatkhah, Hadi Piri, Nasrollah Maleki
This study is the first to describe the efficacy of booster dose of Td vaccine in the management of RAS. Limitations of our study were relatively small sample size and short follow-up period. Six out of 70 patients were not willing to be followed. While the results were reported after a six-month follow-up period, long-term follow-up is essential to ensure the effectiveness of the vaccine. Moreover, the component responsible for the beneficial effects of the vaccine was not identified in the present research. However, considering the presence of Corynebacteriaceae in the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity, diphtheria vaccine might have been more effective.
A combined DTaP-IPV vaccine (Tetraxim®/Tetravac®) used as school-entry booster: a review of more than 20 years of clinical and post-marketing experience
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Catherine Huoi, Juan Vargas-Zambrano, Denis Macina, Emmanuel Vidor
Generally speaking, the safety profile of the same class of DTaP-IPV vaccines (pediatric formulation) when used as a school-entry booster has been reported to be acceptable in post-marketing evaluations, confirming the good safety profile described in the clinical studies. Post-marketing surveillance studies have noted the occurrence of large injection site reactions (>50 mm) including extensive limb swelling, which tends to occur more frequently after a fourth or fifth dose. These events usually resolve within a few days without sequelae [112–114]. There has been no evidence of increased risk for events such as meningitis/encephalitis, seizures, stroke, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Steven-Johnson syndrome, anaphylaxis, or serious local reactions [115,116]. However, data from one clinical trial have reported that the use of an adolescent-adult formulation Tdap vaccine (Adacel®, Sanofi) in children aged 4–6 years led to less frequent injection site reactions and fever than a pediatric DTaP-IPV vaccine formulation (Quadracel®, Sanofi), although these adverse reactions remain common no matter the type of vaccine used [117]. The WHO position paper on diphtheria vaccine recommends low-dose diphtheria toxoid for immunization of individuals aged ≥7 years [16]. Other factors such as prior vaccination history, pre-vaccination diphtheria antitoxin level, type of adjuvant, or type of preservative may also be linked to the safety profile of a vaccine and should be explored. An exploratory study from Rowe et al [118] assessed various DTaP and DTaP-IPV vaccines administered to children aged 4–6 years and suggested a possible association between injection site reactions and a recall of the Th2-polarized immune memory resulting from the DTaP priming, which includes stimulation of vaccine-specific IgE production leading to a greater risk of large local reactions in the 24–72 hours following booster vaccination. Interestingly, findings of Rowe et al. also suggested that concomitant DTaP and IPV boosting at the same site significantly reduced Th2-associated local reactions. This hypothesis requires further confirmation in larger studies, and the mechanism by which aP-containing boosters predispose to extensive limb swelling is not yet fully elucidated [113].