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Order Bunyavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
According to the latest ICTV issues (Garrison et al. 2020), the Nairoviridae family contains 7 genera and 47 species. These viruses are maintained in arthropods or transmitted by ticks among mammals, birds, or bats. The most important nairovirus with public-health impact is Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which is tick-borne and endemic in much of Asia, Africa, and Southern and Eastern Europe. The most significant nairovirus with veterinary importance is Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV), also known as Ganjam virus, which is also tick-borne and causes lethal hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in small ruminants in Africa and India.
Congo Fever — Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
The Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus or Congo virus is the type species of genus Nairovirus of the family Bunyaviridae.12 The genus contains at least 19 serotypes, one of which is the virus causing Nairobi sheep disease from which the genus gets its name. Viruses of this genus are predominantly tick transmitted with a tripartite genome, a nucleocapsid polypeptide of 48 to 60 × 103 mol wt and at least one virion glycoprotein of approximately 80 to 90 × 103 mol wt. It is relatively stable in distilled water with a pH range of 6 to 10. Its half life in phosphate-buffered saline of pH 7.6 is 1.5 to 2 hr at 37°C, 10 to 15 min at 45°C, and less than 1 min at 56°C. It is sensitive to lipid solvents and rapidly inactivated by ultraviolet light. It is not stabilized by Mg++ , and its infectivity is greatly reduced by detergents and certain proteolytic enzymes. The enveloped virion is spherical and approximately 70 to 100 nm. The lipid bilayer incorporates viral glycoprotein. Its surface has projections of 8 to 10 nm. It matures by budding in intracytoplasmic smooth membrane interfaces, Golgi, and saccules. It is a natural parasite of vertebrates and invertebrates, predominantly ticks; occasional isolates have been made from Culex culicoides. It is pathogenic to suckling mice and certain vertebrates and grows well in cell cultures of mammalian origin, including BHK, CER, and Vero cells producing cytopathological changes.
Viruses
Published in Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly, The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly
Bunyaviridae is a large family of viruses occurring worldwide that can infect plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates (Bente 2015). Four genera are capable of causing zoonotic infection in humans: Hantavirus, Nairovirus, Orthobunyavirus, and Phlebovirus, but only Orthobunyaviruses are a concern among wild primates. With the exception of Hantavirus, which can be acquired through contact with rodent secretions, the Bunyaviridae viruses are vector-borne (Bente 2015). Nairovirus and Phlebovirus are both zoonotic, but they have not yet been found in nonhuman primates. The most serious Nairovirus is Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Antibodies to the virus have not yet been documented in wild primates that have been surveyed, although antibodies have been found in other wild animals including hares, buffalo, rhinoceros, and bats (Spengler et al. 2016). Wild primates may not be susceptible, for laboratory attempts to infect several Old World monkeys species with the virus have not been successful (Bente et al. 2013). The most serious Phlebovirus is Rift Valley Fever virus, which occurs in domesticated animals in Africa, but it has been difficult to induce experimentally in nonhuman primates, suggesting they may not be readily susceptible (Smith et al. 2012).
Purtscher-like Retinopathy Associated with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: A Case Report
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Duygu Yalinbas, Erman Bozali, Ayse Vural, Husne Kocak, Haydar Erdogan
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), which is most commonly observed in Asia, Africa, and Eastern Europe, is a fatal viral infection with a 3–30% mortality rate. The causative agent of the disease, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, belongs to the Nairovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family.1,2 The disease is transmitted to humans by the bite of ticks (especially Hyalomma species), crushing of infected ticks, contact with blood or tissues of viremic livestock, or CCHF patients during the acute phase of infection.3 Generally, the incubation period lasts from 1 day to 9 days. At the beginning of the disease, symptoms consist of high fever, headache, malaise, arthralgia, and myalgia. Later, at the hemorrhagic stage, symptoms include petechiae, mucous membrane hemorrhages, hematuria, hematemesis, melena, and hemoptysis due to bleeding diathesis. Death usually occurs as a result of multiple organ failure and bleeding diathesis.2,3 Ocular findings of the disease have been reported as conjunctival injection, photophobia, subconjunctival, and retinal hemorrhages in the literature.4
Update on Proteomic approaches to uncovering virus-induced protein alterations and virus –host protein interactions during the progression of viral infection
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
RayBiotech markets ‘antibody arrays’, which, like gene micro-arrays, are slides containing spots of up to several hundred specific detection molecules, which in the case of an antibody array, are, as the name implies, antibodies. This allows simultaneous measurement of several hundred proteins in a given sample. Aydin and colleagues used such arrays to measure hundreds of protein alterations induced by Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) [82]. The authors collected blood serum samples from acute and convalescent patients with presumed CCHFV infection, and from matched healthy controls. The authors were specifically interested in matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and so used the RayBiotech antibody array to assess MMP-1, −2, −7, −9 and −10, and tissue matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (TIMP)-1. The study found that all tested MMPs and TIMP-1 were significantly reduced in convalescent sera compared to acute infection sera, and that as a group, all CCHFV+ patients’ MMP and TIMP-1 levels were significantly higher than control levels. However, with the exception of MMP-2, that was nearly equivalent, and MMP-7, which was significantly lower in the convalescent group, all other MMPs were significantly elevated even in convalescent compared to control group [82]. More recently, Pollock et al. created phage-antibody-barcoded antibodies to probe the cell surface proteome [83]. Their analyses focused on application to cancer cells, but this strategy likely has broad applicability in other systems.
Post-exposure prophylactic vaccine candidates for the treatment of human Risk Group 4 pathogen infections
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
James Logue, Ian Crozier, Peter B Jahrling, Jens H Kuhn
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV; Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus) is endemic to countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe [98,111]. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) generally causes headache, fever, joint pain, and other nonspecific symptoms and signs, but in severe cases, CCHF can progress to life-threatening hemorrhagic manifestations, multi-organ dysfunction, and death [112–114]. Cases of viral infection correlate with the presence of Hyalomma ticks, the predominant CCHFV vector that spreads the virus among CCHFV host reservoirs (hares, hedgehogs, susliks, cattle, goats, ostriches, and sheep) [115]. As with previously described viruses in this section, the knowledge of viral vectors and natural host reservoirs makes a PEP vaccine strategy attractive to counter CCHF. Further research on candidate PEP vaccines, such as an orthopoxvirus-vectored CCHFV vaccine [116], is needed to assess vaccine efficacy postexposure and establish an effective PEP vaccine treatment following tick exposure.