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Hay Fever/Allergic Rhinitis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, is inflammation of nasal mucous membranes in sensitized individuals when inhaled allergenic particles contact those membranes. Basically, the immune system overreacts to the allergens. It is the fifth most common disease in the U.S. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is more common in the spring, summer, and early fall.1 In the spring, for example, weeds, trees, and grasses release pollen that gets into the nose and throat and can trigger an allergy. Signs and symptoms are similar to the common cold and include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, sinus pressure, and red, itchy, and watery eyes. Hay fever can also cause itching of the nose, throat, or the roof of the mouth.
Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
CoV are single-stranded RNA viruses (ss-RNA) belonging to the Coronaviridae family. The CoV family consists of several species that cause upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections in mammals and birds. In humans, it mainly causes common colds, but complications can occur, including pneumonia and SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome). The already known SARS-CoV coronavirus, which causes the best known severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused a global threat with high human mortality in 2003 (Lin et al. 2014) and in 2019 the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, responsible for COVID-19, spread rapidly around the world and became a pandemic in 2020 (Ali et al. 2021). Hosts infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SRAS-CoV-2), present symptoms of acute respiratory infection, rapidly developing into acute respiratory failure and other severe complications (Zhang et al. 2020).
Management of COVID-19 Rehabilitation Nursing
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
Measures can be taken to prevent colds and respiratory infections. Cold-resistant exercise: Before the winter, wash the nose with cold water two to three times a day for 2–3 minutes each time. Cold water can also be used to wash the face, and prevent cold by self-massaging the nose, Yingxiang acupoint, kneading fengchi acupoint, etc.Improve respiratory and immune function by regularly practicing good living habits, such as balanced nutrition, combining work with rest, exercising regularly, ceasing smoking, and restricting alcohol, etc.
COVID-19 treatments approved in the European Union and clinical recommendations for the management of non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Although vaccines are the most important public health tool in overcoming the pandemic, effective medicines against SARS-CoV-2 infection are essential to reduce the number of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths. COVID-19 has been recognized as a multisystem disorder affecting many body systems; this wide spectrum of clinical patterns made difficult an appropriate choice of treatments able to counteract severe symptoms of the disease and alleviate the burden on the healthcare system. To this aim, different drug classes, including antivirals, immune modulators, anti-inflammatory agents, and anticoagulants have been tested in patients with COVID-19, although disappointing results or no firm conclusions have been drawn in some cases. Indeed, at the early stage of the epidemic, empirical treatments were based on previous experience with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and on the accumulated experience in managing the disease [22]. Basic therapeutic approaches used for the common cold (i.e. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-tussive, immune modulators with antibacterial effect) were considered effective in case of mild symptoms and further treatment was not required in the absence of any other clinical manifestations. In the case of pneumonia, it had been recommended to apply the treatment regimen able to prevent cell exposure to the virus and abate the excessive immune reactions (i.e. antiviral agents and immune modulators). In addition to this treatment strategy, anticoagulants could be used.
Adolescents’ misperceptions and low literacy associated with the inappropriate use of over-the-counter cold medicines
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2020
Tzu-Chueh Wang, Fong-Ching Chang, Chun-Hsien Lee, Hsueh-Yun Chi, Li-Jung Huang, Chie-Chien Tseng
The common cold is prevalent among both children and adults and the impact it can exert on productivity, absenteeism, and daily life can result in a substantial burden to both individuals and society (Dicpinigaitis, Eccles, Blaiss, & Wingertzahn, 2015). The common cold is an acute upper respiratory tract infection that generally includes symptoms such as a sore throat, nasal congestion, a runny nose, a cough, and malaise (Blaiss, Dicpinigaitis, Eccles, & Wingertzahn, 2015). Most over-the-counter (OTC) cough/cold medicines are multiple-ingredient combination products that contain antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, and pain medicine. The misuse and overuse of OTC medications have been associated with adverse drug events (Mhatre & Sansgiry, 2015). In Taiwan, a study showed that three quarters of Adverse Drug Event (ADE)-related Emergency Department (ED) visits were preventable, while the most common cause was unintentional overdose (Chen et al., 2012).
Recent prescription status of oral analgesics in Japan in real-world clinical settings: retrospective study using a large-scale prescription database
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Takahiro Ushida, Daiju Matsui, Teruyoshi Inoue, Mizuka Yokoyama, Hiroshi Takatsuna, Takuyuki Matsumoto, Atsushi Takita, Takao Kurusu, Hiroshi Sakoda, Kaoru Okuizumi
The number of patients prescribed the top 20 drugs during the continued prescription and PRN prescription periods, including ≤ 7 days after the first prescription date, is shown in Table S1 in the Supplemental materials. Drugs widely prescribed for the common cold (acetaminophen, acetaminophen combinations, Kakkon-to [a traditional Japanese herbal medicine], ibuprofen, and codeine) were included in the top 10 drugs prescribed in this study, and were prescribed for all continued prescription durations, including ≤ 7 days after the first prescription date (Table S1 in the Supplemental materials). Since common cold symptoms usually resolve in approximately 1 week [19–21], patients prescribed drugs for ≤ 7 days were excluded from the analysis, and those prescribed drugs for ≥ 8 days were tallied. Consequently, acetaminophen and acetaminophen combinations still remained in the top 10 drugs, but the number of patients prescribed acetaminophen and acetaminophen combinations markedly decreased when excluding those with prescriptions for ≤ 7 days (acetaminophen [including ≤ 7 days: 753,426 patients, ≥ 8 days: 52,350 patients] and acetaminophen combinations [228,858 patients and 20,269 patients, respectively]). Similarly, the numbers of patients prescribed Kakkon-to, ibuprofen, and codeine clearly decreased. In contrast, the numbers of patients prescribed pregabalin and duloxetine, which were not prescribed for the common cold, were almost the same in the data for ≤ 7 days and ≥ 8 days. Therefore, most patients prescribed drugs for the common cold could reasonably be excluded from this analysis.