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Cefotaxime
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Baek-Nam Kim, David L. Paterson
The Leptospirae are susceptible to cefotaxime; in fact, the MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of cefotaxime against these organisms are lower than those of penicillin G (Oie et al., 1983; Murray and Hospenthal, 2004). The Leptospirae are more susceptible to ceftriaxone than penicillin, with MIC90 values of 0.39 µg/ml vs. 6.25 µg/ml for penicillin G (Murray and Hospenthal, 2004). It is interesting that in an evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibilities of 109 Leptospira isolates using a new solid medium (named LVW agar), cefotaxime’s MIC ranged from ≤ 0.002 to 0.125 µg/ml, and its MIC90 value was lower than that of ceftriaxone (0.047 vs. 0.5 µg/ml) (Wuthiekanun et al., 2013). Nevertheless, penicillin G is the preferred agent clinically. Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydophila pneumoniae are resistant to cefotaxime (Hammerschlag and Gleyzer, 1983; Bostock et al., 2004). In general, the rickettsiae are also resistant to cefotaxime. Borrelia burgdorferi is susceptible In vitro to cefotaxime (MIC90 0.12 µg/ml) (Mursic et al., 1987).
Anti-Infective Agents
Published in Keith Struthers, Clinical Microbiology, 2017
The fluorinated quinolones include ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. These have activity against a wide range of gram-negative bacteria and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), with levofloxacin having additional activity against streptococci. They are used in the treatment of Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Coxiella burnetii infections.
Chlamydia trachomatis
Published in Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward, Case Studies in Infectious Disease, 2010
Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward
Chlamydiaceae are some of the most widespread bacterial pathogens in the world and there are several species that infect a variety of hosts based on a wide range of tissue tropism. Two species, Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydophila pneumoniae, are human pathogens and are responsible for various diseases that represent a significant economic burden. Chlamydophila psittaci and C. pecorum are mainly bird/animal pathogens, although zoonotic transmission of the former to humans can occur resulting in the disease psittacosis.
Drug screening of rhodanine derivatives for antibacterial activity
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Suresh Maddila, Sridevi Gorle, Sreekantha B Jonnalagadda
Bacterial infections are a serious health risk and these include clinically acquired ones. The alarming increase in these types of infections has imposed a severe challenge on healthcare organizations to develop new and more effective drugs for their treatment [1–3]. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria cause many of these infections [4]. Generally, the pathogens in medicinal settings are gram-positive bacteria, which include Staphylococcus epidermidis/S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae/S. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus/S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis/E. faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium/E. faecium. The gram-negative bacteria are Escherichia coli/E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa/P. aeruginosa, Chlamydophila pneumonia/C. pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumonia/M. pneumonia, and Legionella pneumophila/L. pneumophila among others, which are proficient in triggering severe deadly toxicities [5–8].
Treating bacterial pneumonia in people living with HIV
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2019
Jerry S. Zifodya, Kristina Crothers
‘Atypical’ pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae are less common etiologic agents with rates that are inversely proportional to CD4 cell counts [3,112]. L. pneumophila occurs up to 40 times more frequently in PLWH than in HIV-uninfected individuals [13]. PLWH with L. pneumophila, particularly those with advanced immunosuppression, often present with more severe CAP than HIV-uninfected individuals [113]. Diagnostic methods include culture, urinary antigen and real-time PCR (rtPCR) as well as serology [112,114]. Diagnosis of M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae can be made via nucleic acid amplification tests for increased sensitivity and expedient identification of these organisms [115]. Rhodococcus equi and Nocardia spp. are fastidious bacteria that often mimic TB infection both in indolence and imaging findings of pulmonary consolidation with cavitation. These are infrequently isolated in advanced AIDS with CD4 count less than 50 cells/µL and have become rare due to ART. Treatment for R. equi is based on antimicrobial sensitivity testing with combination therapy often required. Nocardia spp. is treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and incidence has reduced at least in part due to prophylaxis for PCP. Nocardia spp. has a predilection for the central nervous system thus brain imaging should be carried out in any individuals diagnosed with pulmonary nocardiosis.
Acute haemorrhagic pericarditis: an unusual presentation of Chlamydophila pneumoniae pneumonia infection
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2020
Fatma Zehra Oztek Celebi, Ali Fettah, Sule Yesil, Tamer Yoldas, Gonul Tanir, Meltem Akcaboy, Saliha Senel
Chlamydia pneumoniae, now known as Chlamydophila pneumoniae, is an obligate intracellular pathogen which is a common cause of human respiratory disease. Apart from pneumonia, it causes acute bronchitis, prolonged cough, pharyngitis, laryngitis, otitis media and sinusitis [1]. Most C. pneumoniae infections are mild or asymptomatic. Clinical features of pneumonia associated with C. pneumoniae are similar to those of other types of community-acquired pneumonia and include fever, cough, tachypnoea and shortness of breath [2]. Some reports indicate that C. pneumoniae is associated with severe respiratory illness and even death [3,4]. A few cases of acute cardiological disease (myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis) have been reported [1,5,6].