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Inflammatory, Hypersensitivity and Immune Lung Diseases, including Parasitic Diseases.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Psittacosis - (due to Chlamydia psittaci - an intracellular organism found in parrots, parakeets, macaws, cockatiels and to a lesser extent in budgerigars, pigeons and other birds, including poultry) may give rise to a wide spectrum of illness, ranging from a mild 'flu-like condition to a severe pneumonia with acute respiratory distress and multiple organ involvement. Patients typically have fever, headache, a dry cough and myalgia. Radiologically there are often 'soft' patchy lung infiltrates, but miliary changes and lobar pneumonia (sometimes without sparing of a segment, which is more often seen in bacterial types) may be found. Often the radiological changes are much greater than are suggested by physical signs, and they may take several weeks to clear.
Myocarditis
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
Chlamydia psittaci infection is complicated by subclinical or asymptomatic myocarditis in 5–15% of cases. In Chlamydia trachomatis infection, myocarditis is usually rare in children. Cardiac involvement is often found in the setting of rickettsial infection with vasculitis as a prominent feature, because the rickettsiae have special tropism for endothelial cells. Although endocarditis is considered more common, myocarditis may also present in Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetii.
Gatifloxacin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
James Owen Robinson, Keryn Christiansen
A number of studies report the activity of gatifloxacin against Chlamydia spp. Gatifloxacin has demonstrated inhibitory activity against the DNA gyrase of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Ameyama et al., 2003), and when tested against wild-type C. pneumoniae in Japan, showed greater activity than ciprofloxacin, but less than that of clarithromycin or minocycline (Miyashita et al., 1997). Similar results were obtained using clinical isolates from the United States and Japan (Roblin and Hammerschlag, 1999). Activity against Chlamydia psittaci was demonstrated in an experimental mouse pneumonia model (Miyashita et al., 1997). Gatifloxacin had activity similar to that of ofloxacin against C. trachomatis, but was slightly less active than erythromycin (Roblin and Hammerschlag, 1999).
Human psittacosis: a review with emphasis on surveillance in Belgium
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2020
Joanna Rybarczyk, Charlot Versteele, Tinne Lernout, Daisy Vanrompay
Avian chlamydiosis caused by Chlamydia psittaci is known for centuries. C. psittaci infections are widespread throughout the world and caused by an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium having a unique reproduction cycle. C. psittaci reveals two predominant morphological life forms, a metabolically inactive, infectious form, the elementary body; and a metabolically active, noninfectious form, the reticulate body. C. psittaci is causing a zoonotic disease, named psittacosis or parrot fever in humans. However, the latter name might be misleading as, based on results of isolation, antigen detection and serology, C. psittaci can infect more than 450 bird species from at least 30 different orders [1]. The avian host range is probably even broader when diagnosis is made by PCR, a more sensitive and specific diagnostic technique that has replaced culture as the gold standard for Chlamydia diagnosis. In birds, C. psittaci infections are often systemic and can display unapparent, severe, acute or chronic manifestations [1,2]. Primary replication in birds starts in mucosal epithelial cells and macrophages of the respiratory tract, after which the pathogen causes septicemia and replication in epithelial cells and parenchymatous tissues throughout the body [3]. In humans, infection most commonly occurs in persons with a history of contact with birds in either the setting of occupational or companion bird exposure. This paper presents an overview on human psittacosis caused by C. psittaci, focusing on recent findings and on psittacosis surveillance in Belgium.