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The patient with acute respiratory problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Pneumonia occurs when inflammatory material (exudate) accumulates in the alveoli. Where the inflammation is confined to the whole of one or more lobes, then it is referred to as lobar pneumonia, or bronchopneumonia when spread more widely throughout the lungs. Similarly, pneumonia can be caused by a range of pathogenic organisms including bacteria and viruses, following the aspiration of vomit or mucus and occasionally following treatment such as radiotherapy. Examples of micro-organisms that can cause pneumonia include: Streptococcus pneumoniae.Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Influenza A viruses.Haemophilus influenzae.Chlamydia pneumoniae.Legionella pneumoniae.Pneumocystis carinii.
Practice Paper 9: Answers
Published in Anthony B. Starr, Hiruni Jayasena, David Capewell, Saran Shantikumar, Get ahead! Medicine, 2016
Anthony B. Starr, Hiruni Jayasena, David Capewell
Chlamydophila pneumoniae (previously known as Chlamydia pneumoniae) causes a mild pneumonia in younger people, and may be associated with sinusitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis. Chest X-ray shows small segmental infiltrates. Mycoplasma pneumoniae affects adolescents and young adults, and tends to cause epidemics in 3-year cycles. Patients often present with few chest signs, but can develop headache, myalgia, arthralgia, erythema nodosum, Guillain-Barre syndrome, pericarditis and haemolytic anaemia. Chest X-ray shows patchy or lobar consolidation and hilar lymphadenopathy.
Risk reduction and pharmacological strategies to prevent progression of aortic aneurysms
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2021
Gabe Weininger, Shin Mei Chan, Mohammad Zafar, Bulat a Ziganshin, John A. Elefteriades
Since Chlamydia pneumoniae has been suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of some aortic aneurysms [53], several studies have investigated the efficacy of various antibiotics as a potential therapy. The first of these studies was done in a 2001 by Mosorin et al [54]. and used doxycycline in a small randomized controlled trial of patients with small AAAs. The study showed a slightly slower rate of AAA expansion in the doxycycline group which did not reach statistical significance. A larger randomized controlled trial with doxycycline by Meijer et al. also failed to show a decrease in growth rate [55]. However, two separate studies using roxithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, did show a decrease in aneurysm growth in patients with small AAAs [56,57]. Azithromycin was also used tested in a larger trial of 247 patients and did not show a difference in aneurysm growth [58].
Prevalence, risk factors and outcome of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among children in Uganda: a prospective study
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2021
Rebecca Nantanda, Freddie Bwanga, Irene Najjingo, Grace Ndeezi, James K Tumwine
The main risk factors for childhood pneumonia include malnutrition, immunosuppression owing to HIV infection, exposure to HIV, tobacco smoke and air pollution, lack of exclusive breastfeeding and immunisation, and young age [1,2,17]. In addition to these risk factors, atypical pneumonia is also more common in children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA), cardiac disease and asthma [18–22]. A study in India of 90 HIV-infected children with pneumonia showed that 32% had atypical organisms [23]. Studies have indicated that children with SCA are at high risk of atypical pneumonia which usually manifests as acute chest syndrome (ACS) which has been associated with an adverse outcome [18,21,24]. In Uganda, a study of children with SCA and ACS showed that 59.2% had Chlamydia pneumoniae in sputum [25]. Uganda has a high burden of SCA and pneumonia [26] and, therefore, the role of atypical pneumonia in this vulnerable population needs to be further explored.
Community-acquired pneumonia: aetiology, antibiotic resistance and prospects of phage therapy
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Md. Moinuddin Sheam, Shifath Bin Syed, Zulkar Nain, Swee- Seong Tang, Dipak Kumar Paul, Kazi Rejvee Ahmed, Sudhangshu Kumar Biswas
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a major cause of CAP and accounts for 6%–20% of cases of CAP.44 In addition to developing pneumonia, it can causes acute upper and lower respiratory diseases, such as pharyngitis, bronchitis and sinusitis.45C. pneumoniae is transmitted mainly via respiratory secretions from humans to humans and no animal reservoir has been found.46 The bacteria initially infect lung epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages in response to respiratory infection. Infection can then spread to infiltrate immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), lymphocytes and neutrophils.47C. pneumoniae undergoes a biphasic life cycle that alternates morphological and functional forms. The elementary body (EB) is infectious, metabolically inert, which attaches and enters into macrophages via endocytosis, escaping phagolysosome fusion. The EB then develops into a non-infective metabolically active reticulate body, isolated within non-lysosomal inclusions from the cytosol. C. pneumoniae establishes an intracellular niche inside these inclusion bodies, enabling it to change the host cell pathways, replicate and form new infectious EBs released from the cell.48 Moreover, C. pneumoniae may directly infect the macrophages via the toll-like receptors 2 and 4.49