China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) are alphaviruses transmitted by arthropods, members of the Family Togaviridae (Briolant et al. 2004). Alphaviruses are enveloped viruses whose genome is made up of a single strand of RNA. semliki forest virus (SFV) is widely spread in Africa and infection in humans is relatively common (Lundstrom 1999). Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is responsible for an acute disease in man, characterized by a triad of fever, arthralgia, maculopapular and rash (Brighton et al. 1983; McGill 1995), and there is no treatment for this viral disease as yet.
Chikungunya Fever: Emergence and Reality
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Neelam Yadav, Bennet Angel, Jagriti Narang, Surender Singh Yadav, Vinod Joshi
This chapter aims to decipher all aspects of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), including epidemiology, virus morphology, transmission route, replication, pathogenicity, treatment and diagnostics, and risk factors. Chikungunya epidemics have been reported in various countries, chiefly in Asian and African countries and also in Europe and America. CHIKV is of the genus Alphavirus, which comes under the Togaviridae family. Transmission of CHIKV is mediated by two mosquito vectors: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. There are two distinct transmission cycles for the transmission of CHIKV: enzootic and urban. The infection of CHIKV shows various symptoms, which may be asymptomatic in the early stage but acute and chronic in later phases. Several detection methods have been discussed with their pros and cons.
Chikungunya virus and Japanese encephalitis virus
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Chikungunya virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. It is a member of the family Togiviridae, which contains two genera, Alphaviruses and Rubiviruses. CHIKV belongs to the Alphavirus genus and more specifically to the Semliki Forest virus complex, which includes several other arthritic illness-inducing arboviruses, including Ross River virus, Semliki Forest virus, and O’Nyong Nyong virus. Other notable alphaviruses include Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE), Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE).
Production and Characterization of Two Specific ZIKV Antigens Based on Bioinformatic Analysis and Serological Screening
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2023
Rafael Ribeiro Mota Souza, Gubio Soares Campos, Rejane Hughes Carvalho, Isabela Brandão Peixoto, Rafaela Santos Galante, Luan Santana Moreira, Silvana Beutinger Marchioro, Roberto José Meyer Nascimento, Silvia Ines Sardi
Due to the similarity of the symptoms of the arboviruses such as ZIKV, dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), laboratory tests are necessary to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Through molecular methods such as RT-PCR, ZIKV can be detected in fluids such as blood/serum, urine, semen, liquor (Agarwal and Chaurasia 2021; Rawal et al. 2016). On the other hand, immunodiagnostic assays face the issue of cross-reactions between flaviviruses, which makes it difficult to distinguish between them and leads to false-positive results, due to the high similarity between flavivirus proteins (Lee et al. 2017; Wen and Shresta 2019). During flavivirus infection, the host organism can trigger the memory immune response to a flavivirus of previous infection, due to the recognition of epitopes in common, which exacerbates the issue of cross-reactions (Rodriguez-Barraquer et al. 2019; Rogers et al. 2017).
Semliki Forest virus-based immunotherapy for cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2020
Alphaviruses belong to the family of Togaviridae and hold a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome surrounded by a protein capsid structure and spike membrane proteins [9]. The alphavirus lifecycle is characterized by a large host range due to recognition of several cell surface receptors, direct RNA replication in the host cell cytoplasm and release of progeny by budding [10]. Alphaviruses have been associated with epidemics in different parts of the world resulting in fever, severe persistent headache, myalgia and arthralgia [11,12]. Moreover, recent outbreaks of Chikungunya virus (CHIK) have occurred presenting clinical symptoms such as polyarthralgia, rash, high fever and severe headaches, which have been characterized by rapid spread and high morbidity [13]. For this reason, alphavirus expression systems based on attenuated or avirulent strains and replication-deficient viruses have been engineered for immunization approaches demonstrating no harm to humans. In this context, alphavirus vectors have been frequently used for recombinant protein expression in cell lines [14], in primary cells [15], and in vivo[16]. Furthermore, alphavirus vectors have been applied for numerous immunization studies in animal models [8]. The aim of the review is to give an overview of the current status of alphavirus-based cancer immunotherapy by a description of alphavirus vector and expression systems and their applications in preclinical animal models and some clinical trials.
Curcumin and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles: antipathogenic and antiparasitic activities
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Mahendra Rai, Avinash P. Ingle, Raksha Pandit, Priti Paralikar, Netravati Anasane, Carolina Alves Dos Santos
Chikungunya virus is transmitted by mosquito and infects millions of people mainly residing in developing countries. The chikungunya disease is characterized by rashes severe arthritis, and high fever. To date, no chikungunya vaccine exists. The researchers around the globe are trying to search for novel antiviral compounds that can inhibit the activity of this virus. In this context, von Rhein et al. [47] evaluated the antiviral activity of some traditional medicinal plants including curcumin against the chikungunya virus. The reports claimed that curcumin inhibited the infection caused by the chikungunya virus. In addition, it has been revealed that curcumin also possess potent antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV, High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV), Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), flock house virus (FHV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [33]. Curcumin affects the replication process of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1). With the help of cell culture study, it has been observed that viral yield of PR8, H1N1 and H6N1 strains were considerably reduced in the presence of 30 μM of curcumin [46]. Flores et al. [48] investigated the effect of curcumin-treated HSV-1, HSV-2 virions in cultured Vero cells. HSV-1 and HSV-2 virions, when treated with 30 µM of curcumin, reduces the infection of HSV-1 and HSV-2 virions. It has been proved that curcumin can be used to control the transmission of HSV-1 and HSV-2.