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Order Herpesvirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) of the Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 species causes rhinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in cattle. Kühnle et al. (1998) engineered the chimeric BHV-1 virions by integration of the membrane glycoprotein G of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), a member of the Mononegavirales order (Chapter 31), into the BHV-1 envelope in the correct orientation. Moreover, Keil (2000) demonstrated that the aa stretch 1–71 of the BRSV glycoprotein G, which encompassed the cytoplasmic domain and the membrane anchor, was sufficient to target proteins into the envelope of BHV-1 without notably affecting the in vitro replication of BHV-1. Using this approach, the GFP molecule was incorporated into the chimeric BHV-1 virions, and the possibility of the construction of virions with altered biological properties was raised for potential use in vaccine development (Keil 2000). Furthermore, Keil et al. (2005) reported the next efficient methodology where a second furin cleavage site was introduced into the gB protein of BHV-1, together with intervening polypeptides, and the viable BHV-1 chimeras were isolated, which expressed the GFP and bovine alpha interferon as the furin-excisable proteins, secreting from infected cells. This original expression strategy that used therefore the BHV-1 gB as transporter for a cargo protein embedded in the chimeric gB as a furin-excisable polypeptide was described in detail by Keil (2009) and developed further by Keil et al. (2010).
Cidofovir and Brincidofovir
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Graciela Andrei, Robert Snoeck
From a veterinary viewpoint, CDV offers significant potential for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections in cattle and horses because it has proven effective in different animal models (i.e. intranasal or intracerebral equine herpesvirus-1 infection in mice, intranasal equine herpesvirus-1 infection in horses, intranasal bovine herpesvirus-1 infection in calves, and intravaginal bovine herpesvirus-2 infection in guinea pigs) (Gibson et al., 1992; Gilliam and Field, 1993). Furthermore, topical ophthalmic application of CDV on experimentally induced primary ocular feline herpesvirus (FHV) infection in cats resulted in significant decrease in the amount of viral shedding and severity of the disease (Fontenelle et al., 2008).
Neuroimmunology of Host-Microbial Interactions
Published in Herman Friedman, Thomas W. Klein, Andrea L. Friedman, Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Infection, 2020
David H. Brown, Bruce S. Zwilling
Although there has been substantial documentation regarding the association of emotional stress and increased rates and duration of various viral infections in humans, the scope of this chapter must be limited to the effects of stress on microbial (bacterial, parasitic) infections in animal models. However, before dismissing stress-induced effects on viral pathogenesis altogether, it must be noted that experimental animal models are used frequently to study the effects of stress on viral infections. There are similarities between studies of stress on viral infection and studies on the effects of stress in microbial infections. For example, farm animals exposed to social (crowding or novel environment) stress demonstrated increased susceptibility to Newcastle disease virus infection.98 Transportation stress in cattle resulted in increased susceptibility to an initial challenge with bovine herpesvirus-1 and increased incidence of reactivation of latent bovine herpesvirus-1 infection.99,100 Most studies conducted on the effects of stress on viral immunity have utilized rodent models. A wide variety of stress paradigms including restraint, cold, foot shock, immobilization and isolation have been shown to differentially affect the pathogenesis of a number of viral infections in these animal models.67,101–106 Interestingly, the ultimate outcome effects of physical restraint stress on viral pathogenesis (influenza virus and HSV) and microbial pathogenesis (Mycobacterium avium) in mice are similar. Recent studies have shown that mice must be subjected to restraint stress, resulting in activation of the HPA axis, prior to or concurrently with infection in order to detect a stress induced alteration in pathogenesis.67,101 Infection prior to restraint results in no apparent alteration in the course of the mycobacterial infection or the viral infections.
Suspended cell lines for inactivated virus vaccine production
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Jiayou Zhang, Zhenyu Qiu, Siya Wang, Zhenbin Liu, Ziling Qiao, Jiamin Wang, Kai Duan, Xuanxuan Nian, Zhongren Ma, Xiaoming Yang
The Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line is an immortal cell line derived from bovine kidney, which is naturally adherent in culture medium containing FBS [56]. MDBK cells are susceptible to a variety of viruses and are widely used for virus proliferation and infection. However, due to the limitation of its growth conditions, it is usually cultured on roller bottles or microcarriers for industrial large-scale vaccine production [81,82]. Meanwhile, studies have shown that production of bovine adenovirus (BAdV) in suspended MDBK cells can achieve higher virus production than in adherent cells [83]. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BOHV-1) was used as an example to study the adaptability of MDBK cell suspension culture and its effect on BOHV-1 production. It was found that increasing cell density could significantly increase the production of BOHV-1 in suspension culture, which has obvious advantages over adherent cell culture. More importantly, BOHV-1 produced using the suspension culture method has superior quality and immunogenicity. In conclusion, compared with adherent cell culture, suspension culture is space-saving and can support cell growth at a higher concentration; therefore, it is more suitable for industrial production.
Cell penetrating peptides: the potent multi-cargo intracellular carriers
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Kimia Kardani, Alireza Milani, Samaneh H. Shabani, Azam Bolhassani
In general, CPPs were used to deliver antigenic peptides or proteins, induce adaptive immune responses and activate both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells [283]. For example, the EBV ZEBRA protein-derived CPPs (Z12, Z13, or Z14) linked to antigenic cargos (e.g. gp100 and TRP2 tumor antigens) were improved as a strong system to break self-tolerance and to elicit therapeutic anti-tumor immune responses in vivo [284,285]. Increased antigen (Ag)-specific immune responses were also reported by linking other tumor antigens (e.g. carcinoembryonic antigen, TRP2, survivin, p53, HPV16 E7, MUC-1, or HER2/neu) to a CPP [283]. Wang et al. demonstrated that the linkage of TRP2 Ag to CPPs could prolong antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) [286]. On the other hand, the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) VP22 CPP could facilitate intercellular spreading of the attached cargo. For example, DNA vaccination with VP22 linked to HPV16 E7 or E6 (VP22-E7 or VP22-E6) significantly induced CD8+ T cell responses and anti-tumor immunity against the E7-expressing tumors in mice [260]. These findings were confirmed in DNA vaccines expressing VP22 fused to antigens from other diseases including bovine herpesvirus 1, influenza virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus [260]. A finding showed that DNA vaccines encoding E7 conjugated to Tat or Antp (Tat-E7 or Antp-E7) could not elicit potent CD8+ T cell responses as observed by HSV-1 VP22-E7 DNA vaccine [287].
The roles of epidermal growth factor receptor in viral infections
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoV-1) belongs to the family Herpesviridae. BoV-1 infection causes severe disease like infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle and leads to significant losses in the cattle factory (Muylkens et al. 2007). A recent study by Qiu et al. (2020) has reported the role of EGFR in BoV-1 infection. In the in vitro studies using A549 and MDBK cell lines, BoV-1 infection causes phosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream effector, PLC-γ1. Treatment of gefitinib inhibits virus-induced activation of EGFR/PLC-γ1 pathway as well as virus replication in a timepoint related to post-entry stage of viral infection (Figure 4(a)) (Qiu et al. 2020).