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Order Herpesvirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The usual prototype of the order is herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a member of the Human alphaherpesvirus 1 species from the genus Simplexvirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae of the family Herpesviridae. In HSV-1, the core contains 162 capsomers each including either six (for hexons) or five (for pentons) molecules of the major capsid protein VP5 (pUL19), where the VP5 of hexons (but not pentons) bind one molecule of VP26 each, as reviewed by Everett (2014). As described earlier, the core is surrounded by an amorphous tegument and embedded into the lipid-containing envelope. The capsids C are mature; the capsids A do not contain viral DNA and are likely to result from abortive packaging events (Everett 2014). In 2018–2020, an impressive set of atomic structures of the herpesvirus cores consisting each of more than 3,000 proteins was successfully resolved by electron cryomicroscopy.
Evolution of Herpes Simplex Viruses
Published in Marie Studahl, Paola Cinque, Tomas Bergström, Herpes Simplex Viruses, 2017
Rory J. Bowden, Duncan J. McGeoch
Phylogenetic relationships among mammalian and avian herpesviruses have been investigated using gene sequence data, and detailed phylogenetic trees have been derived (4). In addition, the limited sequence data available for reptilian (turtle) herpesviruses indicate that they are also part of this virus group (5,6). The summary tree shown in Figure 1 depicts major lineages and sublineages, and their relationships. The three deepest branches of the tree correspond to the three taxonomic subfamilies, the Alpha-, Beta-, and Gam-maherpesvirinae, and the eight terminal branches to genera in the subfamilies (7). In this chapter, we are concerned with HSV-1 and HSV-2, which belong to the Simplexvirus genus or α1 group of the Alphaherpesvirinae.
Tea Polyphenolic Compounds against Herpes Simplex Viruses
Published in Satya Prakash Gupta, Cancer-Causing Viruses and Their Inhibitors, 2014
Tin-Chun Chu, Sandra D. Adams, Lee H. Lee
The Herpesviridae family contains more than 100 different herpesviruses that infect a multitude of host organisms, including fish, birds, horses, and humans. Herpesviruses are further classified into three subfamilies: Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae. HSV types 1 and 2 (human herpesvirus 1 and 2, or HHV-1 and -2) are members of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, Simplexvirus genus. The other genus in the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily is the Varicellovirus genus that also includes varicella zoster virus (HHV-3) that causes chicken pox and shingles. This subfamily is distinguished by its short reproductive cycle, rapid spread, destruction of host cells, and by establishing its latent cycle (Mettenleiter et al. 2009; Roizman and Baines 1991).
Prevention of viral infections in solid organ transplant recipients in the era of COVID-19: a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Paraskevas Filippidis, Julien Vionnet, Oriol Manuel, Matteo Mombelli
VZV belongs to the family of Alphaherpesvirinae and establish lifelong latency in cranial nerve and dorsal root ganglia. Primary infection is called varicella or chickenpox and manifests as disseminated, vesicular, pruritic rash with fever and can be rarely accompanied by more severe complications such as pneumonitis and meningo-encephalitis. Reactivation after primary infection is called herpes zoster (HZ) and consists in dermatomal vesicular, painful rash, which may affect multiple dermatomes or even be disseminated in immunocompromised patients [145]. As only 2–3% of adult SOT candidates are seronegative [146], primary VZV infection is rare in this population. By contrast, up to 50% children SOT candidates can be seronegative at the time of transplant, highlighting the need for pretransplant vaccination to avoid the risk for primary infection [147]. The incidence of HZ can range from 5.7% to 16.8% depending on the transplanted organ [139,148,149]. HZ may present at any time in SOT recipients, even years after transplantation. The risk of disseminated zoster and of non-mucocutaneous disease (keratitis, CNS infection) is increased in SOT recipients as compared to the general population [139].
Bilateral Necrotizing Retinitis following Encephalitis Caused by the Pseudorabies Virus Confirmed by Next-Generation Sequencing
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Feng Hu, Jiawei Wang, Xiao-Yan Peng
The pseudorabies virus (PRV), also called Aujeszky disease virus or Suid herpesvirus1, is a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily within the family Herpesviridae. PRV primarily infects swine, causing fatal encephalitis in newborn piglets, respiratory disorders in adult pigs and reproductive failure in saws. In addition, PRV may infect certain intermediate hosts, including cats, cattle and dogs. Humans are not intermediate hosts of PRV. However, in recent years, human encephalitis caused by PRV has been reported. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the presence of PRV in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood, and immunological tests further validated the presence of PRV in the peripheral blood.1,2 In a case series including four viral encephalitis cases caused by PRV, two cases with ocular involvement were mentioned with limited details. One case was diagnosed with acute bilateral retinitis 11 days after the onset of neurological symptoms. The other case showed bilateral visual acuity of no light perception after the recovery of consciousness and was diagnosed with bilateral retinitis and optic neuritis with right retinal detachment.3 Ocular involvement was reported as the main symptom in a case without PRV central nervous system infection.4 We report a case of bilateral necrotizing retinitis following encephalitis caused by PRV, in whom the etiology was confirmed by NGS for the vitreous specimen.
Pleural effusions induced by human herpesviruses in the immunocompetent host
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Erasmia Rouka, Ourania S. Kotsiou, Despoina Kyriakou, Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis, Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
Based on their biological and genetic properties, HHVs are classified into three subfamilies termed alphaherpesvirinae [Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1), Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2), Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)], betaherpesvirinae [Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6), Human Herpes Virus 7 (HHV-7)] and gammaherpesvirinae [Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8)] [17]. The two HHV-6 variants, HHV-6A and HHV-6B have been recognized as two distinct species since 2012 [18]. Each of the aforementioned viruses replicates and establishes latency in different cell types [19]. As a result, numerous and diverse clinical entities have been associated with HHVs both in the context of primary infection and reactivation. Non-immunocompetent patients such as newborns, patients with haematological diseases, transplant recipients and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients are at high risk for HHV infection (both primary and recurrent) associated with high morbidity and mortality [19–22].