China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Neuroviral Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek, Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Spatz (1930, 1931) also included the Borna disease of horses in the group of polio-encephalitides and, with Seifried, performed a comprehensive comparative study of the polioencephalomyelitides (Seifried and Spatz 1930). In this study, special emphasis was placed on analogous features of epidemic encephalitis and Borna disease of horses. The extensive involvement of the mesencephalon, in particular, was most impressive. The authors suggested that the agents of these two diseases might be closely related. This assumption, however, could not be proven. The agent of the Borna disease has been characterized as an enveloped, nonsegmented, single-stranded, negative RNA virus (Briese et al. 1994; Cubitt et al. 1994), and it was recognized that persistent infections by this virus occur also in humans, most frequently in mental patients (Bode et al. 1995). Since, however, the agent of epidemic encephalitis has not been identified, the close relationship of these two encephalitides could not be ascertained.
Probiotics and Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder
Published in Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin, Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
Around 15 years ago the first cases of paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) were described. Since this time research has been divided between studies that successfully demonstrate an etiologic relationship between streptococcal infections, and childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder, and studies which have not found an association (Swedo et al., 2015). PANDAS is characterized by acute exacerbation of OCD like symptom, which may also include motor/phonic tics following a prodromal group A^-haemolytic streptococcal infection (Turna et al., 2015). Even though there is still controversy in relation to the aetiology of PANDAS there appears to be a clinical overlap between PANDAS and OCD type symptoms and pure OCD, which appear to suggest a common aetiological mechanism (Swedo, 2010). However other studies have found different aetiologies and associated OCD with infections such as Borna virus disease (Dietrich et al., 2005). Borna disease virus is a unique virus with a non-segmented, single-stranded RNA-genome of negative polarity and causes behavioural disturbances in animals (Hornig et al., 2001). The process by which Borna disease virus impacts on behavioural and neurophysiological disturbances in OCD is however unknown. Toxoplasma encephalitis is a common presentation of Toxoplasma gondii infection of the central nervous system. The most commonly affected central nervous region in Toxoplasma gondii is the cerebral hemisphere, followed by the basal ganglia, cerebellum and brainstem. The basal ganglia have been implicated in the development of OCD. Miman et al. (2010) found the presence of increased levels of IgC antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in OCD patients when compared to levels in healthy controls. They conclude that there appears to be causal relationship between chronic toxoplasmosis and the aetiology of OCD. It would seem from the evidence presented that there could be a connection between the immune system and development of OCD.
Mechanical filtration of the cerebrospinal fluid: procedures, systems, and applications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Viral encephalitis (VE) and viral myelitis (VM) are inflammations of the brain and spinal cord respectively, caused by viruses. The virus most commonly involved in CNS infections is herpes simplex virus, but other viruses of the herpesviridae family (e.g. varicella-zoster or Epstein–Barr), along with enterovirus, mumps, measles, and viruses associated with respiratory tract infections (adenovirus and influenza B), varicella-zoster virus, rubella, measles, VIH, JC, and SARS-CoV-2 may also cause VE or VM. VM and VE may present with a variety of syndromes depending on the precise location of the inflammatory focus including rapidly progressive encephalopathy. Some cases develop an increase in ICP, seizures, and depression of the level of consciousness, which requires tracheal intubation for airway protection and ventilatory support, control of raised ICP, and the effective treatment of seizures [16]. Treatment options include medication to relieve the symptoms and antiviral medications for some particular types of viruses (few antivirals are indicated and just some types of viruses, i.e. herpesvirus). More antivirals and adjunctive therapies are needed for better outcomes of VE and VM. To our knowledge, the only case with VE/VM treated with CSF filtration to date is a patient with psychotic symptoms related to Borna disease VE with rapid clinical improvement after CSF filtration [17].
Targeting TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) in cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Or-Yam Revach, Shuming Liu, Russell W. Jenkins
Viruses have evolved a variety of strategies to directly or indirectly inhibit the function of TBK1 and its downstream target IRF3 to blunt the production of key anti-viral cytokines, namely the type I interferons (IFNα/β) [1,60]. Bluetongue virus NS3 protein binds OPTN at the Golgi apparatus, neutralizing its activity and thereby decreasing TBK1 activation and downstream signaling, and impairing TBK1 targeting to the Golgi apparatus [57]. Proteases of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and mouse hepatitis virus A59 (MHV-A59) inhibit ubiquitination of TBK1 [3,4]. Others like herpes simplex viruses (HSV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), vaccinia virus (VACV), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), coronavirus and hantavirus suppress TBK1-containing complex formation and downstream signaling [61–65], whereas Borna disease virus (BDV) P protein is phosphorylated by TBK1 potentially acting as a decoy substrate [66].
Human-leukocyte antigen class II genes in early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2019
Natalia Rodriguez, Astrid Morer, E. Azucena González-Navarro, Patricia Gassó, Daniel Boloc, Carles Serra-Pagès, Amalia Lafuente, Luisa Lazaro, Sergi Mas
In recent years, several authors reported an increased frequency of OCD symptoms in children and adolescents with Sydenham’s chorea (SC), a neurological complication of group Aβ-haemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis, and one of the main criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever (RF), an inflammatory autoimmune disease (Swedo et al. 1989). The basal ganglia have been implicated as a target of the post-streptococcal autoimmune mechanism involved in SC (Teixeira et al. 2014). The presence of psychiatric disorders in patients with a previous history of RF suggest that GABHS may trigger OCD and related disorders that may persist even in the absence of GABHS reinfections. Other causes of infectious disease possibly related to OCD include Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite that has strong tropism to the central nervous system, especially basal ganglia (Fabiani et al. 2013); and Borna disease virus, an RNA virus that determines neurological syndromes in higher vertebrates and has been suggested to enhance glutamate levels, leading to thalamocortical dysfunction (Rotge et al. 2010).