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Mobile DNA Sequences and Their Possible Role in Evolution
Published in S. K. Dutta, DNA Systematics, 2019
Georgii P. Georgiev, Yurii V. Ilyin, Alexei P. Ryskov, Tatiana I. Gerasimova
In European strains of mice the IAP genes are very numerous (800 to 1000 copies). The Asiatic mice contain fewer copies of this mdg-like element (only 25 to 50 copies).84 Different endogenous retroviruses are detected in chicken, mice, and monkeys. Many of them reveal considerable sequence homology. Some homology can even be detected between mdg elements of D. melanogaster 297 and 17.6 and the avian leukosis-sarcoma retrovirus (AL-SV).26
Interaction of Herpesviruses and Retroviruses
Published in Fred Rapp, Oncogenic Herpesviruses, 2019
As indicated in the preceding section, mixed infections with herpes- and retroviruses have been studied in recent years by several investigators under both natural and experimental conditions. In studies of MD in chickens, it was noted that the severity of the disease was influenced by the presence or absence of an avian leukosis virus (ALV). Mortality and gross tumor development were enhanced in chickens inoculated with MD herpesvirus (MDV) contaminated with ALV compared to those exposed to either virus alone.26,29 Furthermore, interference with the growth of MDV was observed in cell cultures; small compact foci were formed when MDV stocks contained ALV, whereas large foci developed when MDV stocks without ALV were used.30,31 Other avian retroviruses, including reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), also had an effect on the response of chickens to MDV.32,33 However, evidence of pseudotype virions was not reported in these studies.
Animal Models Of Connective Tissue Diseases
Published in Marcos Rojkind, Connective Tissue in Health and Disease, 2017
Gerald Α. Hegreberg, Lynetta J. Freeman
Osteopetrosis can be induced in chickens by avian leukosis viruses.297,298 There are strain differences in the virus, and some strains induce osteopetrosis at a high frequency with a shortened latency period of 1 to 3 months. This viral-induced disorder appears to result in excessive osteoblast proliferation and may be accompanied by a fatal anemia.
A Case-Cohort Study to Investigate the Excess of Liver Cancer Observed in Workers in Poultry Slaughtering & Processing Plants
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Mohammed F. Faramawi, Eric S. Johnson
Virtually everyone in the general population is exposed to viruses that are known to cause tumors in chickens, turkeys, and other domestic fowls. The viruses include 1) avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses (ALSV); 2) reticuloendotheliosis viruses (REV); 3) Marek’s disease virus (MDV); and 4) papilloma viruses (1). However, it is not known if these viruses also cause cancer in humans. Workers in poultry slaughtering and processing plants potentially have the highest known human exposures to these viruses. Thus, they represent a suitable group to investigate if the viruses cause cancer in humans. But the workers are also exposed to chemical carcinogens in the workplace that would need to be considered in such an investigation. The chemicals include 1) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during the smoking of poultry meat (2); 2) PAH and heterocyclic amines during the cooking or frying of poultry meat (3); 3) PAH, benzene, and phthalates during the wrapping of poultry products in plastic films (4); 4) nitrosamines during the curing of poultry meat (5); and 5) aflatoxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus that is present in the air of the plants (6).
Taishan Pinus massoniana Pollen Polysaccharides Enhance Immune Responses in Chickens Infected by Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup B
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2018
Shifa Yang, Guiming Li, Zengcheng Zhao, Zhongli Huang, Jian Fu, Minxun Song, Shuqian Lin, Ruiliang Zhu
Serum ALV-B specific antibody was detected by ELISA. Approximately 0.5 mL of peripheral blood was collected weekly from Group I–V, respectively. Serum was separated and tested using Avian Leukosis Virus Antibody (ALV-A/B) Test Kit (IDEXX, USA). The absorbance of each sample at 630 nm was determined on an automated ELISA reader. All experiments were performed in replicate.
The discovery and development of IP3 receptor modulators: an update
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Jessica Gambardella, Marco B. Morelli, Xujun Wang, Vanessa Castellanos, Pasquale Mone, Gaetano Santulli
In 1993, two potent agonists of IP3Rs, adenophostins A and B, were isolated from the culture broth of Penicillium brevicompactum SANK 11991 and SANK 12177 [22]. In particular, they were more effective (nearly 10-fold) then the endogenous ligand, showing their potent action on all three IP3R subtypes. The structure of adenophostin A and B (Figure 1B) inspired many groups in synthesizing new ligands with additional modifications and properties. For instance, 3″-dephospho-AdA is an analog of AdA-A that lacks a phosphate group (5ʹ-P), as shown in Figure 1C. This synthetic compound was tested in DT40 cells (chicken B cell line derived from an avian leukosis virus-induced bursal lymphoma) devoid of native IP3R and stably expressing single subtypes of mammalian IP3Rs, showing that this analog is effective as the parental compound, and does not have a selective action for a specific IP3R subtype [23,24]. To better understand the role of the different phosphate groups and of the adenosine-motif in the interaction and activation of IP3Rs, another group synthesized all three possible bisphosphate analogs of AdA [25]. The study provided new information on the functional role of the chemical groups in the IP3 structure. In particular, the compound harboring 4,5 bisphosphates displayed an efficacy only 4-fold less potent than IP3; the 5-dephospho (1,4 bisphosphates) conserved an optimal activity, in line with the previous study on 3″-dephospho-AdA [23]. This evidence challenges the paradigm that the two vicinal bisphosphate groups (4,5) are critical for IP3-like activity. Conversely, the compound that was lacking the 2ʹ-AMP was 400-fold weaker than endogenous ligand [25]. This finding strongly suggests that adenosine has a key role in determining the affinity and the interaction with IP3R, while only two phosphates groups (even not adjacent) are enough to ensure the interaction. This brilliant investigation offered new and precious information for designing new compounds as potent IP3R agonists. Another potent IP3R ligand was synthesized conjugating an aromatic group at the 5ʹ-position of AdA, and this addition was well tolerated in the receptor binding [26]. The parental structure of AdA was also modified by replacing adenine with a triazole ring, without compromising the overall compound potency [27].