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Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
Pre-treatment with Sambucus nigra L. extract showed a great inhibition of the avian infectious bronchitis virus, the decrease was attributed to the polyphenols present, however, the authors do not rule out that the present lecithins can bind to viral proteins and inhibit the infection (Chen et al. 2014).
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The human coronavirus will induce an encephalitis when injected intracerebrally into suckling mice [165], but such a system is not a logical model for either respiratory or gastrointestinal disease. An interesting and attractive alternative is avian infectious bronchitis virus, a closely related member of the Coronaviridae virus family that induces an acute respiratory infection in chicks. This disease is characterized by depression, gasping, rales, and a relatively high mortality rate [166,167]. Such an infection offers the advantage of a naturally occurring disease that closely resembles the human respiratory infection, with the animal model reasonably low in cost. The human coronavirus is not yet known to induce a gastrointestinal disease in laboratory animals, although two related coronaviruses are well recognized for causing such infections in animals. These are transmissible gastroenteritis virus, which induces intestinal lesions and a severe diarrheal disease in newborn pigs [168], and bovine coronavirus, which also causes intestinal lesions as well as diarrhea in calves [169].
Coronavirus Epidemics and the Current COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Aparna Bhardwaj, Prateek Kumar, Shivani Krishna Kapuganti, Vladimir N. Uversky, Rajanish Giri
Tyrell and Bynoe, and Hamre and Procknow, independently demonstrated ether lability and sensitivity of the B814 and 229E viruses against FUDR and IUDR [14, 16]. Since both B814 and 229E viruses were ether-sensitive, it was hypothesized that they needed a lipid-containing coat for infectivity. Morphological characterization of isolated viruses was carried out in 1967 by electron microscopy using negative staining. [17]. The B814 strain isolated by Tyrell and Bynoe, and the 229E strain isolated by Hamre and Procknow were identified. The 229E resembled the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Also, the B814 viral particles were indistinguishable from the avian IBV and 229E virus particles [17]. They were similar in terms of their pleomorphic shape, the average particle size with a diameter of 800–1200 Å, and 200 Å long surface projections [17]. Furthermore, the two viruses had similar features as the avian IBV virus, including size, resistance to DNA synthesis inhibitors, serological properties, and morphology [17]. After receiving approval from ICTV, Tyrell and Bynoe classified these viruses as coronaviruses. Roughly at the same time, several ether-sensitive viruses from human respiratory tracts were recovered [18], which were grown in organ cultures. These viruses were termed “OC” viruses to indicate passage in organ culture, and under electron microscopy they showed characteristic features of coronaviruses [18]. Unfortunately, many of the clinical samples collected and stored in the 1960s, which were positive for coronavirus-like particles, were subsequently lost [19]. Therefore, until the identification of SARS-CoV in 2003, research on human coronaviruses was limited to the analysis of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 [20], despite clear evidence of the presence of other strains of HCoVs [21, 22].
Immunobiology and nanotherapeutics of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a current update
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Ifeanyi Elibe Mba, Hyelnaya Cletus Sharndama, Goodness Ogechi Osondu-chuka, Onyekachi Philomena Okeke
Coronaviruses have been present in humans for at least 500–800 years. They are known to take their origin in bats [56,57]. Coronaviruses have long been recognized as critical veterinary pathogens, causing respiratory and enteric diseases in mammals and birds. The first known coronavirus, the avian infectious bronchitis virus, was isolated in 1937 and was the causative agent of deadly infections in chicken. In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe [58] isolated the first human coronavirus from the nasal cavity and was propagated on human ciliated embryonic trachea cells in vitro. However, of the known coronavirus species, only six have been known to cause disease in humans: HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV [59,60]. The first four are endemic locally; they have been associated mainly with the mild, self-limiting disease, whereas the latter two can cause severe illness. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are betacoronaviruses [61]. They are among the pathogens included in the World Health Organisation’s list of high-priority threats (A research and development blueprint for action to prevent epidemics) [62].
Emerging Human Coronavirus Infections (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19): Where They Are Leading Us
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2021
First human coronaviruses (CoVs) were isolated at approximately same time in the Britain and the United States [1]. A specimen named, B814 collected in 1960 from the boy infected with common cold did not produce virus on inoculation into cell culture, but produced infection upon serially passaging three times in human tracheal organ culture and induced the common cold in healthy volunteers showing that it was replicating [2]. On the other hand, in the winter of 1962 in Chicago, USA, Hamre and Procknow got success in culturing the virus obtained from the samples collected from medical students infected with common cold on WI-38 cells (a diploid human cell line composed of fibroblasts derived from lung tissues of a 3-month-gestation aborted female fetus by Leonard Hayflick and his colleague at Wistar Institute) [3]. This virus adapted a cytopathic effect on WI-38 cells, which was not seen before. This virus was named 229E. However, both B814 and 229E were RNA viruses and ether sensitive, which shows they require a lipid membrane for infectivity. Electron microscopy revealed that they had similar structure too. However, both these viruses were not related to myxo- or paramyxoviruses. Thereafter other strains of CoVs (OC (organ culture) 38 and OC43, which grow on brains of suckling mice) and avian infectious bronchitis virus were also isolated [4–6]. These discoveries started to establish another family of viruses responsible for common cold and other mild respiratory tract infections in humans. Although, they may also produce serious illness in their corresponding or respective species.
COVID-19 vaccine: where are we now and where should we go?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Saman Soleimanpour, Atieh Yaghoubi
N protein with a molecular mass of 50 kDa has a crucial role in the formation of nucleocapsids, signal transduction virus budding, RNA replication, and mRNA transcription. This conserved protein is also known as the immunodominant antigen, which can induce protective immune responses against the coronavirus infection [72]. Moreover, antibodies responses to N protein of SARS-CoV are detected in 89% of patients with SARS infection [73]. Also, the developed DNA vaccine based on coding SARS-CoV N protein can induce the specific humoral and cellular immune responses in the SARS-CoV infected model [74]. Furthermore, other related reports suggest that the N protein of avian infectious bronchitis virus is capable of inducing the CTLs, resulting in reducing the clinical symptoms and removing the viruses from the lungs. Thus, these data show that the cellular response is crucial in the protection effect mediated via N protein [75]. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV N protein involves different immunodominant epitopes with an important antigenic site located in the C-terminal region. Thus, this antigen can be used as a protective candidate in designing the SARS-CoV vaccine and also for the diagnostic purposes [39,76] (Figure 2).