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Social Distancing and Quarantine as COVID-19 Control Remedy
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Adeel Ahmad, Muhammad Hussaan, Fatima Batool, Sahar Mumtaz, Nagina Rehman, Samina Yaqoob, Humaira Kausar
The very first isolation of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus was done in 1973 that cause extensive damage to chicken. Tyrrell and Bynoe isolated the human Coronavirus in 1965 from the nasal cavity and spread on cilia of embryonic tracheal cells. Moreover, for at least 500–800 years, the first Coronavirus was found in humans with its origination in bats [11, 12]. These CoVs have recombination of genes, high genetic diversity, and increased interaction with human and animals [13]. This fact of Coronavirus, was further evident during late 2019 and in early 2020, when a COVID-19 was reported as a source of a widespread of disease in Wuhan city of China (WHO statement about mass pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. Provision-ally, this novel virus 2019-nCoV was designated and characterized as 7th discrete viral species capable of inducing human diseases) (Figure 5.1).
Order Nidovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) from the Avian coronavirus species is a highly infectious avian pathogen that causes the associated disease avian infectious bronchitis; affects the respiratory tract, gut, kidney, and reproductive systems of chickens; and remains responsible therefore for substantial economic loss within the poultry industry. Corse and Machamer (2000) were the first ones to demonstrate that the coexpression of the IBV genes M and E by the vaccinia virus expression system resulted in the release of the IBV VLPs into the supernatant of BHK-21 cells. The IBV protein E was released into the supernatant regardless of whether the protein M was present in transfected cells, while the protein M was not released into the supernatant unless the protein E was present. These results suggested therefore that the E was required for the release of these proteins from cells. Next, Corse and Machamer (2003) examined the ability of the mutant and chimeric E and M proteins to form the IBV VLPs. The M proteins that were missing portions of their cytoplasmic tails or transmembrane regions were not able to support VLP formation, regardless of their ability to be crosslinked to the protein E. The interactions between the E and M proteins and the membrane bilayer were likely to play an important role in the VLP formation and virus budding (Corse and Machamer 2003).
Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
Pre-treatment with Sambucus nigra L. extract showed a great inhibition of the avian infectious bronchitis virus, the decrease was attributed to the polyphenols present, however, the authors do not rule out that the present lecithins can bind to viral proteins and inhibit the infection (Chen et al. 2014).
Immunobiology and nanotherapeutics of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a current update
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Ifeanyi Elibe Mba, Hyelnaya Cletus Sharndama, Goodness Ogechi Osondu-chuka, Onyekachi Philomena Okeke
Coronaviruses have been present in humans for at least 500–800 years. They are known to take their origin in bats [56,57]. Coronaviruses have long been recognized as critical veterinary pathogens, causing respiratory and enteric diseases in mammals and birds. The first known coronavirus, the avian infectious bronchitis virus, was isolated in 1937 and was the causative agent of deadly infections in chicken. In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe [58] isolated the first human coronavirus from the nasal cavity and was propagated on human ciliated embryonic trachea cells in vitro. However, of the known coronavirus species, only six have been known to cause disease in humans: HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV [59,60]. The first four are endemic locally; they have been associated mainly with the mild, self-limiting disease, whereas the latter two can cause severe illness. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are betacoronaviruses [61]. They are among the pathogens included in the World Health Organisation’s list of high-priority threats (A research and development blueprint for action to prevent epidemics) [62].
Emerging Human Coronavirus Infections (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19): Where They Are Leading Us
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2021
First human coronaviruses (CoVs) were isolated at approximately same time in the Britain and the United States [1]. A specimen named, B814 collected in 1960 from the boy infected with common cold did not produce virus on inoculation into cell culture, but produced infection upon serially passaging three times in human tracheal organ culture and induced the common cold in healthy volunteers showing that it was replicating [2]. On the other hand, in the winter of 1962 in Chicago, USA, Hamre and Procknow got success in culturing the virus obtained from the samples collected from medical students infected with common cold on WI-38 cells (a diploid human cell line composed of fibroblasts derived from lung tissues of a 3-month-gestation aborted female fetus by Leonard Hayflick and his colleague at Wistar Institute) [3]. This virus adapted a cytopathic effect on WI-38 cells, which was not seen before. This virus was named 229E. However, both B814 and 229E were RNA viruses and ether sensitive, which shows they require a lipid membrane for infectivity. Electron microscopy revealed that they had similar structure too. However, both these viruses were not related to myxo- or paramyxoviruses. Thereafter other strains of CoVs (OC (organ culture) 38 and OC43, which grow on brains of suckling mice) and avian infectious bronchitis virus were also isolated [4–6]. These discoveries started to establish another family of viruses responsible for common cold and other mild respiratory tract infections in humans. Although, they may also produce serious illness in their corresponding or respective species.
COVID-19 vaccine: where are we now and where should we go?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Saman Soleimanpour, Atieh Yaghoubi
N protein with a molecular mass of 50 kDa has a crucial role in the formation of nucleocapsids, signal transduction virus budding, RNA replication, and mRNA transcription. This conserved protein is also known as the immunodominant antigen, which can induce protective immune responses against the coronavirus infection [72]. Moreover, antibodies responses to N protein of SARS-CoV are detected in 89% of patients with SARS infection [73]. Also, the developed DNA vaccine based on coding SARS-CoV N protein can induce the specific humoral and cellular immune responses in the SARS-CoV infected model [74]. Furthermore, other related reports suggest that the N protein of avian infectious bronchitis virus is capable of inducing the CTLs, resulting in reducing the clinical symptoms and removing the viruses from the lungs. Thus, these data show that the cellular response is crucial in the protection effect mediated via N protein [75]. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV N protein involves different immunodominant epitopes with an important antigenic site located in the C-terminal region. Thus, this antigen can be used as a protective candidate in designing the SARS-CoV vaccine and also for the diagnostic purposes [39,76] (Figure 2).