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Infectious Diseases
Published in Lyle D. Broemeling, Bayesian Analysis of Infectious Diseases, 2021
Many infectious diseases are contagious; that is, the disease can be passed between people. To contract certain infectious diseases someone only needs to be in contact with someone who has the disease, or one can catch the disease by eating or drinking from contaminated utensils. Someone can be a carrier in several ways. One can be an asymptomatic carrier or have a disease without ever developing its symptoms. It is possible for one to be an incubatory carrier and pass on the pathogens at any time during the hidden incubation period. One can be a convalescent carrier and transmit some of the infectious organisms remaining in the body even after recovery. It stands to reason that anyone suffering the frank symptoms of a contagion can pass it on to others while the disease is running its course. The following tables contain information about many of the present and now common global infections. As in the case of all diseases, certain symptoms may or may not be present. In addition, the tables are for general information and not for self-diagnosis of any disease (Table 3.1).
Current Epidemiological and Clinical Features of COVID-19; a Global Perspective From China
Published in William C. Cockerham, Geoffrey B. Cockerham, The COVID-19 Reader, 2020
Huilan Tu, Sheng Tu, Shiqi Gao, Anwen Shao, Jifang Sheng
In general, the emergence of an infectious disease comprises three vital elements: infectious source, transmission route, and susceptible population.23 At present, SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are the main source of infection, producing a large quantity of virus in the upper respiratory tract during a prodrome period.24 Because of the mild clinical symptoms during the incubation period, patients can remain mobile and carry out routine activities, leading to the spread of infection. Asymptomatic carriers can also be a source of infection.25 The incubation period of the disease is 1–14 days, usually 3–7 days, and can even reach 24 days, making it difficult to screen for infections. Additionally, the disease is mainly spread by respiratory droplets and contact. Infections among 14 health workers confirmed the disease’s high infectivity and raised concerns that some people may be “super spreaders” of the virus.26
Isolated Perfused Skin Flap and Skin Grafting Techniques
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
J. Edmond Riviere, Michael P. Carver
A problem in using athymic nude rodents is their susceptibility to infectious disease. This requires that microbiologically “clean” environments be provided. Cages, bedding, food, water, and any other material in contact with the animals must be sterilized before use. Likewise, laboratory and animal care personnel must follow strict sanitary guidelines such as the use of sterile gowns and gloves, masks, and shoe covers, etc. Finally, investigators must remain vigilant about control of bacterial and viral disease in other animals housed in the facility, since the athymic animals are at greater risk. Detection and isolation of asymptomatic carriers is especially important. Familiarity with the specialized animal husbandry requirements of immunodeficient animals is an important consideration in attempting to use these experimental models.
Pathogenic gene variants identified in patients with retinitis pigmentosa at the referral center clinic of the University of Minnesota (UMN)
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2023
Richard Sather, Jacie Ihinger, Tahsin Khundkar, Sandra R. Montezuma
With reference to Figure 1, there were 58/127 (45.7) patients in our cohort that did not have a diagnostic pathogenic variant identified who underwent genetic testing. 22/127 (17.3%) patients had only VUS (column 2) and 8/127 (6.3%) had negative results (column 3). For the remaining 28 patients (columns 1b and 1c), they had a pathogenic variant identified, but were not diagnostic for two reasons. For the 13/127 patients (column 1b), only one known pathogenic variant was found, while the corresponding allele was classified as VUS. To meet diagnostic criteria, both alleles must be identified as pathogenic and cis/trans configuration must be determined. The second reason was that the other 15/97 patients (column 1c) had a single pathogenic variant identified in an autosomal recessive gene. These patients would be considered asymptomatic carriers for that disease, and testing was otherwise non-diagnostic.
Risk factors of non-adherence to guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19 among young adults with asthma in a region with a high risk of a COVID-19 outbreak
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Francisco Vázquez-Nava, Eliza M. Vazquez-Rodriguez, Carlos F. Vazquez-Rodriguez, Nancy V. Ortega Betancourt, Octelina Castillo Ruiz, Guadalupe C. Rodríguez-Castillejos
In another sense, one of the fundamental limitations that has not allowed us to control the spread of the disease is that there is no reliable diagnostic test that allows the timely detection of asymptomatic carriers. The diagnosis of COVID-19 disease is established based on the symptom picture presented by the patient associated along with the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) laboratory test result (3). Similarly, the lack of knowledge of the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 has not allowed for a therapeutic scheme that limits the complications and mortality that this pathology generates (11,12). Some of the drugs and other agents that are now used in the management of COVID-19, alone or combined with each other, such as antivirals, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, antiparasitics, and plasma from recovered patients, are chosen based on observations and clinical experience acquired during the previous management of patients infected with another type of coronavirus (3,13,14).
Potential of CRISPR/Cas system in the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
V. Edwin Hillary, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu, S. Antony Ceasar
Outbreak of the global pandemic COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 has threatened the entire world. Rapid spread of further mutated SARS-CoV-2 thus caused severe health and economic burdens that require us to develop advanced and ideal strategies for the quick diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease has moved to an alarming phase of the second wave in many countries especially India which witnessed a rapid increase of the infected cases and deaths. The spread and death rates are more severe during March–May 2021 in India compared to other countries. The major hidden threat of the COVID-19 disease is asymptomatic carriers. Increasing the frequency of mass-screening of the population is the only and primary strategy to identify and isolate the individuals from spreading the virus. It is really challenging especially in the countries like India. Utilizing specific diagnostic tools of SARS-CoV-2 with quick intervention is believed to check and control the spread of the infectious disease to others.