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Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
Meningoencephalitis caused by other parasites (e.g. Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Gnathostoma, or Paragonimus). Infection with these organisms usually presents as an eosinophilic meningitis and not a focal parenchymal lesion.
Diagnosing Parasitic Infections
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Parasitic infections can present as meningitis. Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Gnathostoma cause disease by direct invasion of the meninges and cause eosinophilic meningitis. Meningitis due to Strongyloides stercoralis infection occurs almost exclusively in exposed patients treated with steroids or with concurrent HTLV-1 infection.
Angiostrongylus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Praphathip Eamsobhana, Hoi-Sen Yong
The genus Pulmonema Chen 1935 was later shown to be synonymous with the genus Angiostrongylus Kamensky 1905, and the taxon ratti was conspecific with cantonensis [12]. This new combination name Angiostrongylus cantonensis has been generally adopted [13].
Epidemiology and management of foodborne nematodiasis in the European Union, systematic review 2000–2016
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Marta Serrano-Moliner, María Morales-Suarez-Varela, M. Adela Valero
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is endemic in Southeast Asia and the Caribbean. In Europe, this disease does not appear unless it is imported. Globalization has increased the number of European tourists attracted by distant and exotic countries [16] where parasites, such as A. cantonensis are endemic. This is why we suggest that the number of cases imported into Europe of this parasite has increased. When the infection appears in children, it is usually associated with the child eating or playing with the intermediate host [13].
Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces enhance glycolysis to promote M2 Macrophages through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Tao Zhang, Yaogang Zhang, Zihan Yang, Yuan Jiang, Li Sun, Dengliang Huang, Meiyuan Tian, Yinhong Shen, Jun Deng, Jing Hou, Yanyan Ma
PI3K/Akt signaling pathway regulated the glycolysis by inducing the expression of Glucose transporter 1, and regulating the activity of glycolytic enzymes (HK, PFK) expression [30,31]. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1987 protein and HSPA12B secreted by tumor-associated endothelial cells induced M2 macrophages through activating the PI3K/Akt1/mTOR signaling pathway [32,33]. Human herpesvirus 6A increased expressions of the key glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, and 2-Deoxy-D-glucose inhibited of glycolysis and mTORC1 activity [34] Macrophages in chronic non-eosinophilic sinusitis with nasal polyps were preferentially differentiated into M1 Macrophages through the mTOR/HIF1α/VEGF signaling pathway [35]. The secretion of the fourth-stage larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis inhibited glycolysis and induced to M2 macrophages through PI3K/Akt pathway [14]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced to M1 macrophages and increased glycolysis of tumor-associated macrophages ability [15]. Previous studies have found that PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway could regulate macrophage polarization by metabolism reprogramming [36–39]. Previous studies have found that mTOR stimulation and inhibition depend on the infection. Brugia malayi inhibited the phosphorylation of mTOR and promoted autophagy [40]. Rickettsiae interfere in vitro with the autophagic response of endothelial cells activated mTOR, and Toxoplasma gondii infected activated the PI3K/Akt and mTOR pathways [41]. Echinococcus granulosus antigens promoted protein synthesis through mTOR activation [19]. Echinococcus granulosus infection and ES products, induced peritoneal macrophages recruitment and alternative activation through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [11]. We found that the expression of PI3K, p-Akt, mTOR, and p-mTOR were increased with the extension of co-culture time, which suggesting that PSCs infection activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
Public health concerns over gene-drive mosquitoes: will future use of gene-drive snails for schistosomiasis control gain increased level of community acceptance?
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Furthermore, in many cases, a single species of mosquito may efficiently transmit two or more human-infecting pathogens [see 35, for examples]. Another concern that has been raised is that conferment of resistance to target infections in such mosquito vectors might simultaneously render them more susceptible to other infections [37], therefore increasing the prevalence of other mosquito-borne diseases among human populations. For instance, antagonistic co-occurrence of Plasmodium and filarial worms in Anopheles mosquitoes has been evidenced, suggesting that elimination of filarial worms within Anopheles mosquito vectors in a malaria/filariasis co-endemic locale may enhance the vector competence for malaria transmission [57]. In the recent problem formulation workshops on the use of gene-drive mosquitoes in Africa, organized by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) in four different African regions (in Ghana, Kenya, Gabon and Botswana), the potential increase in incidence rates of other mosquito-borne diseases was also identified as a major health concern to be addressed [58]. In snail/trematode associations, other than the species of Schistosoma, the snail vectors of human schistosomiasis almost never transmit any other human-infecting trematode [59,60]; only the secondary vectorial role of Oncomelania hupensis nosophora in the transmission of Paragonimus spp. (lung fluke) appears unequivocal [60,61]. Empirical evidence also suggests that Oncomelania and Biomphalaria snails may potentially carry Angiostrongylus cantonensis (the rat lungworm) [62,63], a zoonotic snail-vectored nematode that is broad in its choice of snail host [59,64]. Apart from these clarifications, no other known human pathogen is transmitted by the schistosomiasis vectors. Moreover, among the few species of Schistosoma known to infect humans, S. mansoni, S. haematobium and S. japonicum are responsible for most cases of human schistosomiasis. S. mekongi is also a main human-infecting schistosome in several districts in Cambodia and along Mekong River in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Biologically, no two species of the aforementioned human-infecting Schistosoma are transmitted by the same genus of snail vector, even when they both occur in the same geographical location or freshwater body. The single exception is that S. haematobium, S. intercalatum and S. guineensis are transmitted by Bulinus snails; the two latter species are geographically limited to West and Central Africa, overlapping with other occurring Schistosoma species, and are less pathogenic [2]. Considering the stringent snail/schistosome interactions, one would agree that although increased susceptibility of gene-drive resistant mosquitoes to another mosquito-borne human-infecting pathogen has been emphasized, such occurrence would raise minimal concern, if any, in the use of TSR snails.