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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Metronidazole (a nitroimidazole) was first introduced as an antiparasitic and used primarily to treatment trichomoniasis. Later it was discovered to be effective in the treatment of serious anaerobic infections. Use in pregnancy is limited primarily to treatment of trichomonal vaginitis. Metronidazole interferes with nucleic acid synthesis and causes cell death. It is a small molecule and crosses the placenta, reaching significant concentrations in fetal blood (Heisterberg, 1984).
Inflammatory, Hypersensitivity and Immune Lung Diseases, including Parasitic Diseases.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Anaerobic infections may complicate other debilitating disease, e.g. diabetes mellitus, the immunocompromised host, pulmonary infarction, or lungs damaged by bronchiectasis or bronchial obstruction (caused by tumour, foreign body, etc.).
Unexplained Fever In Infectious Diseases: Section 2: Commonly Encountered Aerobic, Facultative Anaerobic, And Strict Anaerobic Bacteria, Spirochetes, And Parasites
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Anaerobic infections may generate problems of unexplained fever and are responsible for 8 to 10% of general hospital bacteremias and 85% of suppurative brain infections.47 They are often polymicrobial in nature: the anaerobes may be associated with aerobes, especially E. coli, or with Actinomyces. Anaerobes can be allocated to one of two classes, according to their origin: (1) exogenous species — generally found in soil, but also residing in man (skin, buccal cavity, gastrointestinal tract, female genital tract). They are spore-bearing rods, virulent, extremely toxic, their principal representative being Clostridium; (2) endogenous species — nonsporing, a normal part of the body flora, and found particularly in the intestines and pelvis. Their main representative is Bacteroides fragilis. Most exogenous anaerobes cause nonfebrile diseases; a small proportion cause febrile infections: bacteremia, pulmonary, biliary, intra-abdominal and post-abortion genital infections. Clostridium bacteremia may develop in the setting of a septic surgical operation, a puerperal or post-abortum infection, an underlying neoplastic disease, or decubitus ulcers, and may have a fulminant evolution. The clinical features are high fever with chills, abdominal pain, intravascular hemolysis with oliguria or anuria, jaundice and shock. Aggressive treatment with high doses of intravenous aqueous penicillin or, in penicillin-allergic patients, clindamycin, a cephalosporin or chloramfenicol, may sometimes be life-saving.
Albucasis (936–1013), a pioneer in tonsillectomy
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2022
Narges Tajik, Maryam Mohseni Seifabadi, Nasrin Musakazemi, Arman Zargaran
The lymphatic tissue of the pharynx is called the Waldeyer's tonsillar ring and consists of four parts: the two tonsils of the palate, the tonsils of the lingual tonsil, the adenoids (the third tonsil), and the pharyngeal bands [8]. It is quite susceptible to anaerobic infection, which is addressed in the first stage of pharmaceutical treatment. In cases that progress and show a non-response to treatment, the patient may need tonsillectomy surgery [9]. Although tonsillectomy seems to be a modern medical achievement, the history of this concept dates to antiquity. This article compares Albucasis's tonsillectomy with that of earlier and later surgeons to show the differences in both surgical methods and tools so as to help clarify the development of techniques for this surgery during the medieval era.
ABSTRACT
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2018
L. Musger, V. Matheeussen, K. Loens, H. Goossens
Anaerobic infections are difficult to diagnose and treat, because of the often slow in vitro growth, the polymicrobial nature and the increasing antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore because of their fastidiousness, anaerobic bacteria often stay unrecognized in clinical practice. Clinical specimens potentially harboring these species require special handling to permit satisfactory recovery of these potential important pathogens. In a clinical setting, temporary storage and transportation to the laboratory are unavoidable before these specimens can be cultured. In the current study we expand the knowledge about the recovery of a wide range of clinically relevant anaerobic bacteria from an eSwab® container after different storage durations and temperatures. Our findings support the use of the eSwab® container as a relative short-term storage unit for anaerobic species. When stored at 2–4°C immediately after inoculation, all anaerobic species (except for Clostridium clostridioforme) can be recovered from the liquid Amies medium until 1 day post-specimen collection. Because most samples in the clinical setting are processed in this time span, the eSwab® container is sufficiently capable of retaining viability in daily routine. However; because of inevitable centralization of clinical laboratories, adequate storage of these specimens for an extended period of time will be essential in the future. Therefore in certain cases, when viability is desired for longer periods (>1day), storage of the containers at 2–4°C is certainly advisable.
Direct Gram staining and its various benefits in the diagnosis of bacterial infections
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2018
In case of detection of bacterial morphotypes suggesting anaerobic infection, anaerobic incubation of the specimen and use of appropriate media are required. Moreover, detection of clostridia-like bacteria in association with clinical data for severe soft-tissue infection implies surgical debridement and prompt empirical treatment by penicillin and clindamycin for gas gangrene or by broad-spectrum antibiotics for mixed infections, and the early treatment can be life-saving [42]. This is highly important since mortality rate in patients with gas gangrene with bacteremia was >50% [42].