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HIV-1: Biology
Published in Niel T. Constantine, Johnny D. Callahan, Douglas M. Watts, Retroviral Testing, 2020
Niel T. Constantine, Johnny D. Callahan, Douglas M. Watts
Disease symptoms usually do not exist at the time of HIV infection, and may not appear for many years (asymptomatic infection). For a short time following infection, viral proliferation is controlled, most likely by the immune responses of the host. The latency period ensues, during which time the virus is dormant (virus replication is slow). Years later (an average of 10 years elapses before symptoms appear), and after some unknown event, the virus (provirus) is activated and replication occurs at a high level. It is at this time that symptoms usually appear and the individual may be diagnosed as having AIDS-related complex (ARC) or, if certain symptoms appear, full-blown AIDS. A number of factors may influence virus expression and the progression of disease. These may include mitogens, heterologous viruses, antigens, physical factors, and cytokines (Chapter 2).
Pneumonitis In Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Aids)
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Anthony B Minnefor, James M Oleske
Another important group of patients are those with the so-called AIDS-related complex (ARC).13 Previously designated as pre-AIDS, these children exhibit the nonspecific features associated with AIDS including the laboratory changes characteristic of the syndrome. These include lymphadenopathy, fatigue, malaise, anorexia, weight loss of greater than 10% of body weight (or failure to thrive), prolonged fever, night sweats, chronic diarrhea, and thrombocytopenia. About 10% of adults with ARC go on to develop AIDS within 1 year of the onset of these symptoms. Our experience with children is similar.
HIV
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
A number of symptoms falling under the heading of AIDS-related complex (ARC) may occur. These symptoms include fever, night sweats, diarrhea, and opportunistic infections (see Table 19.1). “Opportunistic” organisms are those that take advantage of the patient’s weakened immune status to infect their system. Infections with many of these organisms are unique to AIDS or immunocompromised patients.
Diffusion tensor imaging in glioblastoma patients treated with volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy: a longitudinal study
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Anna Rydelius, Björn Lampinen, Andreas Rundcrantz, Johan Bengzon, Silke Engelholm, Danielle van Westen, Sara Kinhult, Linda Knutsson, Jimmy Lätt, Markus Nilsson, Pia C. Sundgren
Lately new RT techniques have been developed, aimed at sparing the brain around the tumor and organs at risk (OAR) from radiation. Examples include volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and helical tomotherapy. These new arc-based rotation radiation techniques can achieve highly conformal dose distributions with improved target volume coverage, thereby sparing non-tumorous normal-appearing brain tissue compared with earlier established RT techniques such as three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). [20]. Arc-based therapy may offer more favorable OAR sparing and in addition, a reduced treatment-delivery time compared with other newer techniques, such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) [20]. The clinical use of arc-based therapy methods is steadily increasing. Currently, the majority of published studies on arc-based therapy have focused on planning and feasibility [21,22], although there is emerging clinical outcome data concerning brain metastasis treatment [23,24].
MicroRNA Let-7c-5p-Mediated Regulation of ERCC6 Disrupts Autophagic Flux in Age-Related Cataract via the Binding to VCP
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Yu Cao, Pengfei Li, Guowei Zhang, Lihua Kang, Tianqiu Zhou, Jian Wu, Yong Wang, Ying Wang, Xiaojuan Chen, Huaijin Guan
Age-related cataract (ARC) is a multifactorial disease that remains the primary cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness worldwide.1 Genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of ARC.2 UVB exposure causes a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in lens tissue and induces structural alterations in DNA, such as the generation of thymine dimers of DNA bases. Oxidative damage to DNA and damage to the DNA repair ability in lens epithelial cells (LECs) are associated with ARC pathogenesis.3–6 Several pathways have been found to be involved in DNA repair, including nucleotide excision repair (NER) and base excision repair (BER).7 NER is a particularly important DNA repair mechanism that removes DNA damage induced by UV.8 During NER, the NER factor is recruited to sites of DNA damage by the Cockayne syndrome complementation group B (CSB) protein (encoded by ERCC6) and then processes the DNA for damage repair. CSB protein deficiency was found to be associated with Cockayne syndrome.9 Our previous research demonstrated that ERCC6 might be epigenetically regulated in LECs in ARC, eventually suppressing the expression of ERCC6.3 Studies have indicated that CSB promotes acetylation of α-tubulin and thereby regulates autophagy.10 However, the role of ERCC6 in the regulation of LECs autophagy remains unknown.
Ultrastructural and immunofluorescence analysis of anterior lens capsules in autosomal recessive Alport syndrome
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2021
Jiayue Zhou, Jing Wu, Qichuan Yin, Xiaoning Yu, Yilei Cui, Hao Yang, Xingchao Shentu
Figure 6 shows the immunofluorescence staining against α2(Ⅳ), α3(Ⅳ), and α4(Ⅳ) chains of serial sections of anterior lens capsules of an ARC patient and the ARAS patient between the white arrows. Here, green fluorescence indicates positive reactivity. In normal conditions, the anterior lens capsule exhibits positive reactivity against all types of the α(Ⅳ) chains. As a control, the capsule of the ARC patient reacts well with the antibodies against the three types of α(Ⅳ) chains (Figure 6a). The capsule of the patient with ARAS was half the thickness of the control and exhibits the characteristic dehiscences. Given its fragile nature, it folds up in the process of dehydration and embedding (Figure 6bd), so there are two layers of capsule in Figure 6b. The capsule of the ARAS patient exhibits normal staining against the α2(Ⅳ) chain but is negative for the staining against α3(Ⅳ) and α4(Ⅳ) chains (Figure 6b). LECs exhibit stronger reactivity in the ARAS capsule (Figure 6).