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The Thoracic Lymphatic System and Lymph Nodes, and the Spread of Tumours within the Lungs, the Tracheobronchial Tree and the Mediastinum.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Lymphocytes are the basic cells of the lymphoid system and are of three main types - B, T and Null (i.e. not B or T). B lymphocytes when stimulated by antigens differentiate into plasma-cells which in turn produce antibodies. T lymphocytes are of several types: - (i) T-helper cells which produce cytokines and assist B lymphocytes, macrophages and granulocytes, (ii) T-cytoxic cells which destroy cells infected with viruses and tumour cells, and (iii) T-suppressor cells which turn down an immune response. Null cells destroy cells coated with antibodies. T cells are particularly produced in the thymus. Lymphocytes circulate in the blood, rapidly detect antigens (many are specific to certain antigens) and stimulate the production of more lymphocytes in nodes etc. to cause the immune response.
The Host Response to Grafts and Transplantation Immunology
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Cytokine production is a capacity of most types of T lymphocytes, not just helper lymphocytes. The primary function of T lymphocytes may be, in fact, to produce cytokines, and thus regulate and coordinate the behavior of the cells involved in immune responses. The cytokines are the hormones of the immune system. As such, they operate like other peptide hormones affecting many cell types that display the appropriate receptors.
HIV
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Jenani Jayakumaran, William R. Short
HIV primarily infects T lymphocytes that express the CD4 antigen, resulting in a progressive loss of these cells and impairment of cellular immunity as well as humoral immunity. When CD4 lymphocytes are sufficiently depleted there is the progression to AIDS, characterized by the development of opportunistic infections and malignancies.
Co-expression prognostic-related genes signature base on propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia predict prognosis and immunotherapy response in glioblastoma
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Zhiqi Hou, Dexing Luo, Huanhuan Luo, Qiang Hui, Yongqing Xu, Xiaofeng Lin, Zhibin Xu
When the number and function of T lymphocyte subsets in the body change, immune dysfunction will occur. Selective differentiation of Th cells is also related to tumor prognosis. Th1 cells differentiated from them secrete cytokines such as IL-2 and IL-12, activate antigen-presenting cells, enhance the activity of NK cells, and play an anti-tumor effect. The Th2 cell subset mainly regulates the humoral immune process, inhibits the activity of NK cells and Th1 cell subsets, and is beneficial to the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells [35,36]. Studies have shown that propofol has a stable anesthetic effect and obvious sedative effect, which can significantly reduce the agitation in patients during surgery. At the same time, it can protect damaged neurons and ischemic organs, thereby reducing platelet aggregation [37]. It improves the hemodynamics of patients, and at the same time, it has a certain regulatory effect on immune function, which is conducive to the recovery of patients’ immune function and promotes the recovery of the body [38]. The mechanism by which propofol can inhibit the malignant potential of cancer cells may be related to down-regulation of PD-L1 expression [39]. Propofol can inhibit the metabolic process of tumor cells and promote their apoptosis.
Recent advances in nanoformulation development of Ritonavir, a key protease inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV-AIDS
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Srinivas Reddy Jitta, Navya Ajitkumar Bhaskaran, Shirleen Miriam Marques, Lalit Kumar
Apart from the adverse effects of antiretroviral drugs, the presence of HIV reservoirs is a key issue of the treatment strategy. Even though antiretroviral therapy has improved the quality of life of HIV patients but still the inability to suppress viral loads from anatomical compartments and reservoirs is the major challenge associated with HIV treatment. Adverse effects of drugs and poor adherence to the treatment regimen by patients leading to the emergence of drug resistance are the other factors complicating the therapeutic strategies of HIV treatment [83]. Several challenges are associated with the development of formulations targeting HIV reservoirs, including the delivery system’s ability to cross the physiological membrane to maintain the therapeutic concentration of drugs in HIV reservoirs. The major reservoir of HIV infection is gut-associated with the lymphatic system (GALT) [40,43,97]. GALT is the human body’s major lymphoid tissue, and an elevated level of HIV replication takes place. HIV depletes CD4 + T lymphocytes present in lymphoid tissues. The major drawback with conventional drug delivery systems of antiretroviral therapy is that these systems cannot maintain sufficient concentrations of drugs in HIV reservoirs compared to peripheral blood. The application of nanotechnology to address some of the key issues of ritonavir drug delivery is explained in the following sections.
Effect of systemic inflammation biomarkers on overall survival after lung cancer radiotherapy: a single-center large-cohort study
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
A. Abravan, A. Salem, G. Price, C. Faivre-Finn, M. van Herk
The occurrence and development of malignant tumors are affected by both the immune system and the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in cancer progression, invasion, and distant metastasis [26]. There is abundant evidence suggesting that both neutrophils and lymphocytes are involved in tumor progression and prognosis. Lymphocytes are a critical component of human cellular immunity and are involved in anti-tumor immune responses. In particular, T lymphocytes inhibit tumor cell proliferation and metastasis via recognition and killing of tumor cells. Reduction in lymphocyte count reduces the anti-tumor effect of the immune system, resulting in accelerated tumor occurrence and development. It has been reported that increased lymphocyte infiltration in the tumor and its microenvironment is associated with better prognosis and response to immunotherapy in various solid tumors [27]. It has also been shown that low level of lymphocyte count is associated with lymphatic invasion and recurrence of NSCLC [28].