China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Perspective
Published in Sami I. Said, Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Peptides, 2020
Cytokines, originally called lymphokines or monokines, as products of lymphocytes or monocytes/macrophages, respectively, may be secreted by a variety of cells and can profoundly influence inflammation, immunity, and growth and differentiation (7). Of special relevance to the inflammatory response are tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-(IL)-1 (Chapter 3), both of which are major mediators of septic shock (19).
Cellular Components of Blood
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Monocytes are also derived from the common PHSCs and circulate in blood for approximately 20–40 hours. They then enter the tissues where they mature into macrophages with a lifespan of several months to years. They are also found in the reticuloendothelial system throughout the body in the form of Kupffer cells (liver), Langerhans cells (skin), alveolar macrophages (lung), sinus macrophages (lymph nodes and spleen) and the follicular interdigitating cells (lymph nodes). They are phagocytic and have receptors for IgG (Fc fragment), complement and various lymphokines. Macrophages and monocytes produce several monokines, such as IL-1, prostaglandins, interferon and TNF.
Interleukins and Metalloproteinases in Arthritis
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Monoclonal Antibodies, Cytokines, and Arthritis, 2020
Synergy and more profound biologic activities are observed with combination treatments (IL-1 and IL-6; acute-phase proteins; IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor, TNF; thymocyte proliferation) (32,53–57). In addition, several monokines induce similar biologic activities and/or induce the release of other monokines. One of the more interesting monokines associated with many of the characteristics of arthritis and inflammation is IL-1. The cloning of IL-1 genes and the purification of IL-1 reveal that there are two major classes of IL-1 protein, designated IL-1α and IL-1β. The cloning and expression of the cDNA for human IL-1α and IL-1β also reveals that these proteins are synthesized as a precursor molecule and that the mature forms of the protein are located in the carboxyl terminus of the precursor (32,58,59).
Immune response to COVID-19 infection: a double-edged sword
Published in Immunological Medicine, 2021
The uncontrolled release of cytokines, also called ‘Cytokine storm syndrome’ is plausibly the major factor underlying COVID-19 immuno-pathogenicity [49]. This storm was at the origin of tissues damages, hyper inflammation [50] and even mortality cases [19]. It was triggered by a hyper activation of immune cells, which led to a boom of cytokines release [51]. The over expression of Induced Protein-10, hepatocyte growth factor, monokine-induced gamma IFN, monocyte chemotactic protein-3 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha were highly associated with the disease severity classes [52]. Interestingly, the upregulation of IL-6 got a special attention in COVID-19 pathogenicity since it plays a major role in recruiting neutrophils to lungs [53] and consequently inducing hyper inflammation, neutrophilia and NETosis. In addition, Mazzoni et al. [54] showed that IL-6 was responsible for impaired cytotoxicity properties of immune cells in severe cases of COVID-19. However, IL-6 level in COVID-19 stays lower than in cytokine release syndrome (CRS) [53,55]. Surprisingly, infected patients displayed reduced levels of anti-viral effectors especially interferon types I and III cytokines [56] and eosinophils [57,58]. This decline in anti-antiviral agents would certainly weaken the innate immune reaction and facilitate viral replication.
Cytokine-mediated cellular immune activation in electroconvulsive therapy: A CSF study in patients with treatment-resistant depression
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Sonani Mindt, Michael Neumaier, Carolin Hoyer, Alexander Sartorius, Laura Kranaster
CSF and serum concentrations of 25 cytokines (IL-1β, IL-1RA, Il-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (p40/p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, TNF-α, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, IFN-γ-induced protein (IP-10), monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG), Eotaxin, Rantes and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)) were quantified with a commercially available multiplex assay method. We used a Luminex-based kit with magnetic beads (Invitrogen Human Cytokine 25-Plex Panel) following the manufacturers recommendations. Analyte concentrations in the test samples were determined from a standard curve with various concentrations of cytokines. We used a Luminex reader (Luminex 200TM System) from Luminex Corporation.
Genetic and epigenetic strategies for advancing ovarian cancer immunotherapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Youngwoo Cho, Lara Milane, Mansoor M. Amiji
In OC carcinogenesis, the immune system is believed to be an important mediator with its possible role in ovulation and chronic inflammation [15]. Indeed, candidate gene studies performed by several group of researchers have revealed that polymorphisms in multiple immune-related genes show correlation with OC development: single nucleotide polymorphisms of NFKB1, NOD2, CASP8, BRCA1/2, and PTGS2 were significantly associated reduced risk of OC development while those of IL1A and IL18 were significantly associated with increased risk [15]. Zhang et al. have demonstrated that T-cell infiltration in OC was correlated with increased survival in patients with increased expression of monokines and chemokines [4]. Other studies have demonstrated that OC with high and low CD8 T-cell infiltration show differential gene expressions of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 1 and C-X-C chemokine receptor 6 [16,17]. Recently, in order to further incorporate the role of the immune system in our understanding of the established disease, a new field of study, namely immunomics, has emerged. This novel scholarly inquiry aims to analyze the interface between host and (pathogen) proteome using genome-wide approaches [18]. An increasing number of studies are emerging that advance our knowledge of OC immunomics.