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Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Eye
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
In addition to its role in the control of light entering the posterior portions of the eye, the iris also actively participates in inflammation. Inflammation of the iris is termed iritis, but if the inflammation involves both the iris and the ciliary body it is termed iridocyclitis, or more commonly anterior uveitis. Because of its vascular nature, the iris is very sensitive to systemic toxins and infectious agents. In addition, a reflex pathway is present that results in inflammation of the anterior uveal tissue when the sensory innervation of the cornea, via the fifth cranial nerve, is stimulated. It is for this reason that animals with severe corneal disease often have a concomitant anterior uveitis. Also, when ulcerated, the cornea may allow passage of exotoxins into the anterior chamber, or alter the aqueous humor pH or oxygenation and result in inflammation. The clinical signs of inflammation are miosis, ocular hyperemia, increased protein, and cells in the aqueous humor, photophobia, and either an increase and/or a decrease in the intraocular pressure, depending on the species involved and the duration of the inflammation.
The uveal tract
Published in Mary E. Shaw, Agnes Lee, Ophthalmic Nursing, 2018
Anterior uveitis or iritis is inflammation of the iris, or iris and ciliary body (see Figure 10.2). It is usually a recurring condition in which the cause is unknown in 70% of cases.
Sensory organs
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Iritis Inflammation of irisCauses: – ankylosing spondylitis (AS)– syphilis– HSV– traumaSymptoms: – reduced visual acuityComplications: – cataractsManagement: – topical steroids
Consumer Product-Related Pediatric Eye Injuries Treated in United States Emergency Departments
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2023
Tiffany Chen, Sandhya Kistamgari, Gary A. Smith
Using the text search feature in SAS, followed by a manual review of case narratives, mechanism of injury and eye-specific diagnosis variables were created for each case. Mechanism of injury was grouped as (1) contact with nonchemical product, (2) contact with chemical, (3) foreign body, (4) fall from or onto product, (5) contact with another person, and (6) other (including ultraviolet light exposure; unspecified impact; contact with another object [e.g., rock, stick]; hit by falling object; explosion, spark, or flame; contact with food; contact with hot water or steam; contact with self [e.g., poked self in eye with finger]; and contact with animal). The eye-specific diagnosis was categorized as: (1) corneal abrasion, (2) foreign body, (3) contusion, (4) sub-conjunctival hemorrhage, (5) conjunctivitis, (6) burns, (7) laceration, and (8) other (including hyphema, globe rupture, traumatic iritis/uveitis, retinal injury, iridodialysis, and vitreous hemorrhage).
Hypervirulent Klebsiella Pneumoniae, an Emerging Cause of Endogenous Endophthalmitis in A French Center: A Comparative Cohort Study
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Jean-Philippe Martellosio, Nabil Gastli, Rebecca Farhat, Asmaa Tazi, Pierre Duraffour, Benjamin Rossi, Etienne Canouï, Caroline Morbieu, Annick Billoët, Luc Mouthon, Claire Poyart, Antoine Brézin, Paul Legendre
EE definition was adapted from Binder et al.10: presence of iritis and vitritis on ophthalmic exam in either eye, and a concomitant positive microbiological diagnosis by culture or molecular techniques (in blood cultures, aqueous or vitreous, or another puncture fluid). No distinction was made between definite EE (i.e. with positive aqueous or vitreous sample) and presumed or probable EE (i.e. without positive aqueous or vitreous sample). In the case of negative microbiological findings, the diagnosis of EE was retained based on pluri-disciplinary expert evaluation. Cases with exogenous endophthalmitis were excluded, i.e. postoperative endophthalmitis (defined as occurring during the year following eye surgery), post-traumatic endophthalmitis, bleb-related endophthalmitis, and keratitis-induced endophthalmitis.
Report of Four Cases of Endogenous Klebsiella Pneumoniae Endophthalmitis Originated from Liver Abscess with Eye Complaints as the Initial Presentations
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Jun Zhu, Fang Chen, Zhenggao Xie
A 33-year-old male was transferred to our hospital with right eye pain and decreased eyesight for 3 days. One week earlier, he had symptoms of common cold with fatigue, but no fever. The local hospital diagnosed him with iritis. The patient had been diabetic for 3 years, with no history of surgery or trauma. On arrival, the vision in his right eye was LP. Ophthalmic examinations revealed a 1.5 mm hypopyon in the anterior chamber, and vitreous opacity, which blocked the view to the fundus. Ultrasonography revealed a hyperechoic mass in the vitreous and retinal detachment. A diagnosis of right eye EE was made and we performed IVAI and systemic antibiotics. On the third day of hospitalization, the patient developed high fever with chills, the laboratory test showed increased blood glucose of 31 mmol/L. Abdominal CT revealed low-density lesions in the right lobe of the liver with a clear margin, chest CT showed multiple round lesions in the right lung with bilateral pleural effusion. Infection was highly suspected. Considering that patient had liver abscess, sepsis, and hyperglycemic, we transferred him to the endocrine department for glucose control and systemic anti-infection treatment. Two weeks later, his general conditions improved but hypopyon and vitreous abscess worsened. His VA was LP. As the prognosis is poor even with PPV, the patient decided to have evisceration instead. The patient realized a poor prognosis was inevitable, and insisted on undergoing evisceration rather than PPV. Cultures of blood and vitreous humor were positive for klebsiella pneumoniae.