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Dermal filler complications and management
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defence to external pathogens. This is an imprecise process and cannot identify specific pathogens for targeted destruction. Components of the innate immune system include chemical and physical barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes as well as internal defences, such as antimicrobial substances; cells, such as natural killer cells and phagocytes; and the inflammatory response composed of both inflammation and pyrexia.
Innate and Adaptive Immune Dysfunction and Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Paula Osterhout, Christina S. Kim, Erika C. Claud
Innate immunity is present at birth prior to microbial exposure while the adaptive immune system is the more specific branch of immunity, with responses tailored to specific microbial/antigen stimuli. Innate immunity for an infant begins with maternal immunoglobulins passively acquired in utero (2–4). Other physical intestinal characteristics limit microbial/host interactions. Peristalsis moves intestinal contents through the intestinal tract to limit bacterial adherence, while secretion of gastric acid decreases intestinal pH to limit bacterial growth. For organisms that persist in the intestine, the intestinal mucosal barrier limits contact with the epithelium, while enterocyte inflammatory responses and phagocytic cell responses limit microbial proliferation.
“Omics” Technologies in Vaccine Research
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Vaccines provide production by means of adaptive immunity, and the innate immunity acts as an intermediate between antigens found in the vaccine and the adaptive immunity of the vaccinee. Also, identification of molecular signatures induced by vaccination is important to define the elements underlying the adaptive immune responses. Thus, the immune responses providing protection will be predicted to evaluate the potency of vaccines or to identify the unresponsive individuals. Interactions among the vaccine, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity can be investigated in detail via systems biology approaches (Buonaguro and Pulendran 2011; Petrizzo et al. 2012). It is also important to investigate the repertoire of B cell and T cell receptors needed for adaptive immune responses. The dynamic immune repertoire can be identified using high-throughput sequencing technologies via computational and systems immunology strategies (Miho et al. 2018).
Could Immunonutrition Help in the Fight against COVID-19 in Cancer Patient?
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Gang Tang, Linyu Zhang, Wang Huang, Zhengqiang Wei
T cells and B cells are the main components of adaptive immunity (31). Adaptive immunity is significantly different from innate immunity in that it has memory for pathogens (32). The activation of adaptive immunity depends on the presentation of viral antigens by antigen presenting cells to T cells (33). In addition, antigen presenting cells can regulate T cell activity by secreting cytokines. Therefore, antigen presenting cells are known as the bridge between adaptive immunity and innate immunity (34). After the activation of adaptive immunity, the innate immunity will be inhibited so as to avoid the excessive damage of innate immunity to the body (35). T cells are divided into CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells have cytotoxic effects, which can specifically kill virus-infected cells and damage their own cells at the same time. CD4+ T cells are divided into helper and regulatory cells, which can secrete anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines and maintain autoimmune homeostasis (33). Besides, B cells play an antiviral role by producing antibodies (36).
Safety of Breast Cancer Mastoscopic Surgery from the Perspective of Immunity and Adipokines
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Wenzhi Lv, Boni Ding, Liyuan Qian, Wei Wu, Yanguang Wen
Because there are no natural lacunae in the anatomical parts affected by breast surgery, most of the mastoscopic surgery procedures require the injection of a swelling lipid-solubilizing solution to establish the operation space, which could result in damage to fat and adjacent tissue. Tissue injury is known to sometimes trigger the immune response as a mechanism to prevent further damage [4]. Natural killer (NK) cells, one of the main cell types of the body’s innate immunity, can recognize and kill tumor cells [5]. T lymphocyte subsets are the main cellular effectors of the immune system in the human body, and the number and function of T lymphocytes correlate with the occurrence, progression, and spread of tumors [6]. T cells are mainly divided into two subsets: CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. In cancer, the main function of CD4+ T cells is to turn on and regulate cellular anti-tumor immunity [7]. Meanwhile, CD8+ T cells are the key effectors of anti-tumor immunity that can kill tumor cells by inducing apoptosis [8]. CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells act synergistically to maintain tumor immunity. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are an important subset of CD4+ T cells that can inhibit a large number of immune cells, including T cells, NK cells, monocytes, and macrophages [4].
Sentinels of innate immunity in disease pathogenesis and development of therapeutics
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2021
Host immunity ensures protection against a foreign intrusion having the potential to disrupt the physiological balances of the host. Innate immunity is a first line of defense and is instrumental in the development of appropriate defense against infection. However, overactivation of innate immune components results in immunopathogenesis. The family of proteins, known as complement protein, constitute complement system and participates in development of inflammation and elimination of the target pathogenic microbial cells by specialized immunological processes. Another family of proteins involved in innate immune defense are anti-microbial proteins or peptides. These proteins or peptides either directly act on target cells or facilitate elimination through recruitment of appropriate immune cells. The cellular components of innate immunity such as macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells are first responders to any foreign intruders and initiate a sequence of primary responses including phagocytosis, or direct killing of modified self (tumor or cancerous) cells or inducing inflammation via various inflammatory mediator through complex cellular signaling pathways. A specialized immune cell known as innate lymphoid cells of lymphoid lineage playing an important role on mucosal surfaces in immune regulation to maintain immune homeostasis. This issue of International Reviews of Immunology focuses on articles discussing cellular and humoral components in development of disease and manipulation of innate immune signaling pathways for the development of possible immunotherapeutics (Figure 1).