China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Concept of the Traditional Medicinal System and Holistic Health
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Immune cells are distributed into those of the adaptive and innate immune response. The innate immune reaction is the primary reaction to attacking pathogens. Innate immune cells include monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, etc. The immune system's innate response is prompt, however not customised, and in general, it is less efficient in contrast with adaptive immune reactions (Figure 1.7).
Infection and Inflammation
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Erik H. J. G. Aarntzen, Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans
These innate immune cells have two tasks; (1) constrain spread of the pathogen and (2) initiate an inflammatory cascade. Ligation of most of the cell-surface receptors leads to phagocytosis – for example, surrounding the pathogen with cell membrane and subsequent internalization in a membrane-bound vesicle called phagosomes, for subsequent killing in the intra-cellular milieu [4]. Furthermore, macrophages and neutrophils have membrane-bound granules, called lysosomes, that contain toxic products – for example, nitric oxide (NO), oxygen radicals or hydrogen peroxide – which can be released to destroy pathogens.
Introduction
Published in Shyam S. Bansal, Immune Cells, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2022
Cellular and vascular injury results in the release of intracellular damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cytokines, and chemokines, either as soluble molecules or entrapped as exosomal cargo. This triggers platelet activation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix to mediate leukocyte transmigration into the injured site. Innate immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells are the early responders to these injurious stimuli and aid in the clearance of dead and apoptotic cells by phagocytosing their cellular content. Neutrophilic degranulation and the production of proteases, cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species activate endothelial cells in a positive feedback loop to promote the expression of adhesion molecules, while loosening intercellular junctions to further aid immune cell transmigration into the tissues. Processing of antigenic proteins by the antigen-presenting cells and their presentation subsequently activate the adaptive immune cells such as B-cells and helper and cytotoxic T-cells. For clinically translatable immune-modulation therapies, it is critical to study all of these cell types to create their detailed phenotypic landscapes as they coexist during homeostasis and pathogenesis. Importantly, temporal changes in immune cell phenotypes need to be ascertained in detail to identify the precise window for therapeutic immunomodulation that can be personalized according to disease severity and patient characteristics.
Critical influence of cytokines and immune cells in autoimmune gastritis
Published in Autoimmunity, 2023
Zepeng Zhang, Tongtong Zhu, Lei Zhang, Yanchao Xing, Zhiqiang Yan, Qingsong Li
Human immune system consists of innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is also known as non-specific immunity. Innate immunity involves some innate immune cells (macrophages, DCs, NK cells) that quickly respond to foreign microorganisms entering the human body. It is a natural initial line of defense that prevents viruses, microorganisms, or tissue damage. Adaptive immunity is also called specific immunity, which generally occurs after innate immunity. Adaptive immunity generally refers to a series of immune responses mediated by T cells and B cells [17]. However, the immune system plays a dual role in the progression of AIG. On the one hand, innate immunity and acquired immunity defend against inflammatory substances and maintain the stability of the body. On the other hand, immune cells and cytokines continue to accumulate in the immune environment of the stomach, and a large number of recruited immune cells participate in suppressing the immune microenvironment, promoting inflammatory progression and leading to immune escape of tumour cells [18]. Once the benign immune response process is out of balance, it is easy to provoke immune diseases.
The interaction between innate immunity and oral microbiota in oral diseases
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Hongzhi He, Yu Hao, Yu Fan, Bolei Li, Lei Cheng
First, the impact of innate immune cells on oral microbiota and its mechanisms are still needed to be investigated. Innate immune cells constitute a crucial part of innate immunity. Previous studies mainly focus on how innate immune cells interact with certain kinds of microorganisms. However, the current understanding of the effects of innate immune cells on oral microbiota is still very limited. The oral microbiota is formed by a collection of compositionally distinct microbial communities. Microorganisms within oral microbiota interact with each other and exert a complex and synergistic effect in response to the host immune system [11]. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the modulation of innate immune cells on the composition of oral microbial communities and their specific mechanisms.
Sleep disruption induces activation of inflammation and heightens risk for infectious disease: Role of impairments in thermoregulation and elevated ambient temperature
Published in Temperature, 2023
The immune system, our body’s defense system, serves to detect and eliminate molecules and cells that display foreign antigens, altered self-antigens, or evidence cellular damage (refer comprehensive textbook) [55]. Distributed throughout the body, immune cells and their function are classified into two interconnected branches, namely, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immune cells include granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and monocytes with specific types named depending on the tissue, including for example, microglia in the brain and Langerhans cells in the skin. Adaptive immune cells develop in the bone marrow (B lymphocytes or B cells) or in the thymus (T lymphocytes or T cells); these adaptive cells express unique receptors which serve to recognize a specific antigenic peptide.